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| == Programming challenges (Part II) == | | == Programming challenges (Part I) == |
| | | === Import and update the data === |
| The second set of programming challenges this week pose a more open-ended set of questions about a simulated dataset from an observational study of high school graduates' academic achievement and subsequent income. Here is some information about the "study design:"
| | === Summarize and visualize === |
| :: Data from twelve cohorts of public high school students was collected from across the Chicago suburbs. Each cohort incorporates a random sample of 142 students from a single suburban school district. For each student, researchers gathered a standardized measure of the students' aggregate GPA as a proxy for their academic achievement. The researchers then matched the students' names against IRS records five years later and collected each student's reported pre-tax earnings for that year.
| | === Fit and summarize a linear model === |
| | | === Assess the model fit === |
| I have provided you with a version of the dataset from this hypothetical study in which each row corresponds to one student. For each student, the dataset contains the following variables:
| | === Interpret the results === |
| * <code>id</code>: A unique numeric identifier for each student in the study (randomly generated to preserve student anonymity).
| | === Calculate an out-of-sample prediction interval === |
| * <code>cohort</code>: An anonymized label of the cohort (school district) the student was drawn from.
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| * <code>gpa</code>: Approximate GPA percentile of the student within the entire district. Note that this means all student GPAs within each district were aggregated and converted to an identical scale before percentiles were calculated.
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| * <code>income</code>: Pre-tax income (in thousands of US dollars) reported to the U.S. federal government (IRS) by the student five years after graduation.
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| For the rest of this programming challenge, you should use this dataset to answer the following research questions:
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| * How does high school academic achievement relate to earnings?
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| * How does this relationship vary by school district?
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| You may use any analytical procedures you deem appropriate given the structure of the dataset and study design. Some things you may want to keep in mind:
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| * ANOVAs, T-tests, and linear regression can help you test different kinds of hypotheses.
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| * Adjusting for multiple comparisons is important.
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