Review of some important Week 2 concepts
Lists
- Use lists to store data where order matters.
- Lists are indexed starting with 0.
List initialization
>>> my_list = [] >>> my_list [] >>> your_list = ["a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3] >>> your_list ['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
Access and adding elements to a list
>>> len(my_list)
0
>>> my_list[0]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> my_list.append("Alice")
>>> my_list
['Alice']
>>> len(my_list)
1
>>> my_list[0]
'Alice'
>>> my_list.insert(0, "Amy")
>>> my_list
['Amy', 'Alice']
>>> my_list = ['Amy', 'Alice'] >>> 'Amy' in my_list True >>> 'Bob' in my_list False
Changing elements in a list
>>> your_list = []
>>> your_list.append("apples")
>>> your_list[0]
'apples'
>>> your_list[0] = "bananas"
>>> your_list
['bananas']
Slicing lists
>>> her_list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'] >>> her_list[0] 'a' >>> her_list[0:3] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> her_list[:3] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> her_list[-1] 'h' >>> her_list[5:] ['f', 'g', 'h'] >>> her_list[:] ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h']
sorting lists
Use .sort() to sort a list:
>>> names = ["Eliza", "Joe", "Henry", "Harriet", "Wanda", "Pat"] >>> names.sort() >>> names ['Eliza', 'Harriet', 'Henry', 'Joe', 'Pat', 'Wanda'] >>> names.sort(reverse=True) ['Wanda', 'Pat', 'Joe', 'Henry', 'Harriet', 'Eliza']
Getting the maximum and minimum values from a list
>>> numbers = [0, 3, 10, -1] >>> max(numbers) 10 >>> min(numbers) -1
New concepts for Week 3 exercises and challenges
More string functions
Formatting strings
Formatting strings makes it much easier to combine alphanumeric characters and other types of object (like ints, floats, and bools) and do things with them—like print!
>>> x = 1 >>> y = 1.234 >>> z = True >>> w = "elevator" >>> all_together_now = "You can put ints like %d, floating point numbers like %f, boolean values like %s, and other strings like %s into a string without changing them to strings first!" % (x,y,z,w) >>> print(all_together_now)
Dealing with whitespace
>>> text = " this is a text string with lots of extra spaces " >>> text.strip() "this is a text string with lots of extra spaces" >>> text.split() ['this', 'is', 'a', 'text', 'string', 'with', 'lots', 'of', 'extra', 'spaces'] >>> " ".join(text.split()) 'this is a text string with lots of extra spaces'
Tuples
Tuples are similar to lists, but unlike lists, once they're created ("assigned") they can't be changed. Since most of our work involves reading and writing files and building and manipulating sets of data, we might not have too much cause to use tuples. But Python uses them a lot "behind the scenes", and they're useful for other types of programming, so we'll go over them briefly here.
You can create a tuple just like a list...
>>> my_tuple = ("John", "Terry", "Terry", "Graham", "Eric")
You can find items by index...
>>> my_tuple[1] 'Terry'
BUT you can't edit them...
>>> my_tuple[1] = "John" --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-63-2dfac7e646ea> in <module>() ----> 1 my_tuple[1] = "Michael"
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
Generating a list of numbers easily with range()
>>> range(5)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> for i in range(5):
... print("Hi" * i)
...
Hi
HiHi
HiHiHi
HiHiHiHi
The range() function returns a list of numbers. This is handy for when you want to generate a list of numbers on the fly instead of creating the list yourself.
>>> range(5) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Use range when you want to loop over a bunch of numbers in a list, or perform an operation a certain number of times:
>>> numbers = range(5) >>> for number in numbers: ... print(number * number) ... 0 1 4 9 16
We could rewrite the above example like this:
>>> for number in range(5): ... print(number * number) ... 0 1 4 9 16
You can also set the start, end, and increment value (called "step") for a range.
>>> for i in range(2,20,2): ... print(i) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Using break statements to halt execution
word_list = ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumped", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog"]
letter = "z"
seen_letter = False
for word in word_list:
if letter in word:
seen_letter = True
print("%s contains the letter %s" % (word, letter))
else:
print("no %s in %s" % (letter, word))
Get user input with input()
>>> for i in range(100):
... my_input = input("Please type something> ")
... if my_input == "Quit":
... print("Goodbye!")
... break
... else:
... print("You said: " + my_input)
...
Please type something> Hello
You said: Hello
Please type something> How are you?
You said: How are you?
Please type something> Quit
Goodbye!
>>>
Iterating an indeterminate number of times with while loops
grocery_list = []
testAnswer = input('Press y if you want to enter more groceries: ')
while testAnswer == 'y':
food = input('Next item:')
grocery_list.append(food)
testAnswer = input('Press y if you want to enter more groceries: ')
print('Your grocery list:')
for food in grocery_list:
print(food)
Dictionaries
- Use dictionaries to store key/value pairs.
- Dictionaries do not guarantee ordering.
- A given key can only have one value, but multiple keys can have the same value.
Initialization
>>> my_dict = {}
>>> my_dict
{}
>>> your_dict = {"Alice" : "chocolate", "Bob" : "strawberry", "Cara" : "mint chip"}
>>> your_dict
{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Alice': 'chocolate'}
Types
>>> type(my_dict) <type 'dict'>
Adding and removing elements
>>> your_dict["Dora"] = "vanilla"
>>> your_dict
{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Dora': 'vanilla', 'Alice': 'chocolate'}
>>> del your_dict["Dora"]
>>> your_dict
{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Alice': 'chocolate'}
Accessing elements of a dictionary
>>> your_dict["Alice"]
'chocolate'
>>> your_dict.get("Alice")
'chocolate'
>>> your_dict["Eve"]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'Eve'
>>> "Eve" in your_dict
False
>>> "Alice" in your_dict
True
>>> your_dict.get("Eve")
>>> person = your_dict.get("Eve")
>>> print(person)
None
>>> print(type(person))
<type 'NoneType'>
>>> your_dict.get("Alice")
'chocolate'
Dictionary keys can be integers, and their values can be any data type
>>> mixed_dict = {1:3, 2:'two', 3:False, 'four':['john','terry','graham']}
>>> print(mixed_dict[1])
3
>>> print(mixed_dict[2])
two
>>> print(mixed_dict[3])
False
>>> print(mixed_dict['four'][2])
graham
Changing elements of a dictionary
>>> your_dict["Alice"] = "coconut"
>>> your_dict
{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Dora': 'vanilla', 'Alice': 'coconut'}
Looping through a dictionary
The builtin functions .items(), .keys(), and .values() provide you with a lot of flexibility when iterating through dictionaries.
>>>for i in your_dict.items():
>>> print(i)
('Bob', 'strawberry')
('Cara', 'mint chip')
('Dora', 'vanilla')
('Alice', 'chocolate')
>>>for i_key in your_dict.keys(): >>> print(i_key + " is a key in this dictionary") Bob is a key in this dictionary Cara is a key in this dictionary Dora is a key in this dictionary Alice is a key in this dictionary
>>>for i_val in your_dict.values(): >>> print(i_val + " is a value in this dictionary") strawberry is a value in this dictionary mint chip is a value in this dictionary vanilla is a value in this dictionary chocolate is a value in this dictionary
>>> for i_key, i_val in your_dict.items():
>>> print(i_key + " is the key for " + i_val)
>>> print(i_val + " is the value for " + i_key)
>>> print("\n")
Bob is the key for strawberry
strawberry is the value for Bob
...
Cara is the key for mint chip
mint chip is the value for Cara
...
Dora is the key for vanilla
vanilla is the value for Dora
...
Alice is the key for chocolate
chocolate is the value for Alice
Sorting dictionaries with operator and itemgetter
We've already learned how you can use .sorted() to create a sorted version of a list. .sorted() accepts an optional key argument to tell it what to sort on. You can use .sorted() with .items() builtin dictionary function and the itemgetter function of the operator module to create sorted versions of dictionaries!
>>> import operator
>>> family = {'ozy':2, 'jonathan':34, 'portia':10, 'eva':6, 'dana':28}
>>> sorted(family.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
[('jonathan', 34), ('dana', 28), ('portia', 10), ('eva', 6), ('ozy', 2)]
You can also use this approach to sort other complex data structures:
>>> family = [['ozy',2], ['portia',10], ['jonathan',34], ['dana', 28], ['eva', 6]] >>> sorted(family, key=operator.itemgetter(1)) [['ozy', 2], ['eva', 6], ['portia', 10], ['dana', 28], ['jonathan', 34]] >>> sorted(family, key=operator.itemgetter(0), reverse=True) [['portia', 10], ['ozy', 2], ['jonathan', 34], ['eva', 6], ['dana', 28]]
Exercise
Click here to download the scripts for this week's in-class exercise
