Editing Innovation Communities (Spring 2016)

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:'''Innovation Communities: How Business Can Harness the DIY Dynamic'''
:'''COM597F''' - Masters of Communication in Communities and Networks (MCCN) Elective, Department of Communication
:'''Instructor:''' [http://mako.cc/academic/ Benjamin Mako Hill] ([http://www.com.washington.edu/hill/ University of Washington])
:'''Course Websites''':
:* We will use Canvas for [https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/FIXME/announcements announcements], [https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/987817/assignments turning in assignments], and [https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/987817/discussion_topics discussion]
:* Everything else will be linked on this page.
:'''Course Catalog Description:'''

: Can innovation be crowdsourced? Equipped with a range of new digital communication technologies, “users” innovate every day — creating solutions to their own problems through sharing and collaboration. Disruptive new models of collective innovation are emerging in forums, in “free” and “open source” efforts, and in hacking initiatives. Organizations increasingly want to tap into this community-driven DIY dynamic, but frequently struggle to structure their own innovation processes in relation to these unique communities. This class will explore some of the techniques that firms can use to harness this surge of innovation by introducing a new “democratized” or “user-centric” innovation paradigm. We’ll look at how user communities bolster their ability to innovate through specific technological tools and innovative social routines. Through practical examples, you will learn how to effectively use communities both as sources of inspiration and as collaborators.

== Overview and Learning Objectives ==

I believe that in the twenty-first century innovation will be more likely to be managed — in dramatically different ways than it was in the previous century — by professionals like the students in the Communication Leadership program than by engineering managers in R&D departments.

This course will help prepare you for this future by bringing together several decades of research into the sources of innovation with practical advice and hands-on experience putting this research into action.

I will consider the course a complete success if every student is able to do each of these things at the end of the quarter:

* Distinguish ''community innovation'' and user innovation from traditional forms of innovation and recognize examples in their own business and personal lives.
* Describe techniques for finding innovations created by users including ''lead user search'', ''innovation toolkits'', ''broadcast search'' and ''crowdsourcing'', and user communities and feel comfortable using each.
* ''Anticipate challenges'' associated with community innovation and ''respond to these challenges effectively''.
* ''Have experience using at least one user innovation method'' to find a new innovation that solves a problem relevant to the student's employment or personal interests.

== Notes About This Syllabus ==

You should expect this syllabus to be a dynamic document. Although the core expectations for this class are fixed, the details of readings and assignments ''will'' shift based on how the class goes, guest speakers that I arrange, my own readings in this area, etc. As a result, there are three important things to keep in mind:

* Although details on this syllabus will change, I will almost no circumstances change readings more than week before they are due and I promise to never remove a reading after a week. This means that if I don't fill in a "To Be Determined" one week before it's due, it is dropped. This also means that if you plan to read more than one week ahead, contact me first.
* Closely monitor your email or the announcements section on the [https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/987817/announcements course website on Canvas]. Because this a wiki, you will be able to track every change by clicking the history button on this page when I make changes. I will summarize these changes in [https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/987817/announcements an announcement on Canvas] once week that will be emailed to everybody in the class.
* I will ask the class for voluntary anonymous feedback frequently — especially toward the beginning of the quarter. Please let me know what is working and what can be improved. In the past, I have made many adjustments to courses that I teach while the quarter progressed based on this feedback.

== Organization ==

The course is organized into two main components:

'''Component 1: Community Innovation Methods'''

In the first half of the class (Weeks 1-5), we will focus on learning practical methods for finding innovations using communities and users. In the first session, I will make a strong case for the importance of user innovation techniques. In each of the next four weeks, we will focus on learning four practical techniques for harnessing community innovation:

* Lead user search
* Innovation toolkits / open source innovation
* Broadcast search / crowdsourcing
* Collaborative / information sharing user communities

Because I want students to start early on their projects — and because the course project will involve applying these methods — the first sessions are organized roughly from what I believe will be the least familiar to the most intuitive. During the first half of the quarter, there will be more reading and less expectation that you will be working on your course project.

'''Component 2: Community Innovation Applications and Challenges'''

In the second half of the course, we will dig deeper into examples of community innovation and focus on applications, examples, and challenges associated with their use.

During this half of the quarter, we will rely more heavily on case studies of firms putting community innovation methods into practice and focus on in-class exercises that prompt critical consideration of how community innovation takes place in different domains as well the challenges associated with using these methods (e.g., intellectual property, balancing commercial interests with community interests).

== Readings ==

[[File:Democratizing Innovation cover.jpg|right|thumb]]

The only book assigned for the course is Eric von Hippel's [http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm Democratizing Innovation]. Prof. von Hippel has very generously made the book available at no cost online. Physical copies of book is also available for purchase from [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/democratizing-innovation MIT Press] for $21.95 or [http://www.amazon.com/Democratizing-Innovation-Eric-von-Hippel-ebook/dp/B001C4PTLS/ Amazon] for $16.97 and I think it is nice to support these open access efforts. Both Amazon and MIT Press also have copies of the book available for free download.

The rest of the material will either be placed in [https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/FIXME Canvas] or is available through the UW libraries. The UW libraries have put together [https://www.lib.washington.edu/help/connect.html a useful website on getting access to e-resources while off campus]. If you have trouble getting any of the material, please [mailto:makohill@uw.edu email me] immediately and I will make sure you can get access.

== Assignments ==

The assignments in this class are designed to give you an opportunity to try your hand at community innovation methods. There will be no exams, tests, or quizzes.

Unless otherwise noted, all assignments are due at the end of the day (i.e., 11:59pm on the day they are due).

=== Participation and Cases ===

The course relies heavily on participation, discussion, and the case study method.  Although they are not used frequently in the Communication Leadership program, case studies are probably the most common model of teaching in business schools. A standard "case" usually involves reading an example — perhaps up to 20-35 pages of background about an organization or group facing an ambiguous or difficult challenge. I will mark certain readings as "[Cases]" in the syllabus and I will expect you to read these particularly closely.

It is important to realize that we will not summarize case material in class and I will not cover it in lecture. I expect you all to have read it and we will jump in and start discussing it.

Cases ask students to put themselves in the positions of managers in the firms described to tease out the tensions and forces at play in the case and to construct — through group discussion — the broader lessons and takeaways. Cases are a wonderful way to connect the sometimes abstract concepts taught in many academic courses to real examples of the type of ambiguous situations that you will likely encounter in your career. Generally speaking, there are not right and wrong answers in cases.

Typically, professors teaching cases cold call on students in rooms of hundred students. Since our class will be smaller than a typical case-based class, cold calling ''might'' not be necessary very often although I will sometimes use it and you should always be ready to answer every question. That said, I do expect every student to be in class every week and to be prepared to discuss the cases and the readings. If you have not spoken all class, I may cold call on you.

The "Participation Rubric" section of [https://mako.cc/teaching/assessment.html my detailed page on assessment] gives the rubric I will use in evaluating participation. Please read that page carefully.

== Projects ==

There will be three assignments and each will build on the previous toward a final project. The "Writing Rubric" section of [https://mako.cc/teaching/assessment.html my detailed page on assessment] gives the rubric I will use to evaluate these projects and your written papers.

=== Domain/Problem Identification ===

;Maximum Length: 600 words (~2 double spaced)
;Due Date: April 12<sup>th</sup>
;Deliverables: Turn in on Canvas

In this assignment, you should concisely identify an problem or thematic area you are interested in — and that you hope to pursue in your final project. I am hoping that each of you will pick an area or domain that you are intellectually committed to and invested in (e.g., in your business or personal life).

You will be successful if you describe the scope of the problem and explain why you are interested in using community innovation methods to find innovations in this domain and/or solutions to your stated problem.

I will give you feedback on these write-ups and will let you each know if I think you have identified an area that might be too ambitious, too trivial, too broad, too narrow, etc.

=== Project Proposal ===

;Maximum Length: 1500 words (~5 pages)
;Due Date: May 1<sup>st</sup>
;Deliverables: Turn in on Canvas

Building on your problem identification assignment, you should describe a method for finding innovations or solutions in the innovation or domain problem you have identified.

To do this effectively, you will need to have evaluated each of the four methods introduced in the first half of the quarter. That said, the primarily goal of this assignment is not to test your comprehension but to have you to tell me what you will do in your final project. You will need to understand the course material to construct a relevant and effective proposal. As long as you successfully use the course material to argue for your proposal's appropriateness, it is absolutely fine if your proposal is for a combination of, or even an elaboration or extension of, the methods we cover in the course.

A successful proposal will (a) describe clearly what you plan to do to find innovation and (b) use the course material to make an argument that your proposal is the most effective and appropriate way for you to go about finding innovation given the resources at your disposal.

I will give you feedback on these proposals and suggest changes or modifications that are more likely to make them successful or compelling and to work with you to make sure that you have the resources and support necessary to carry out your project successfully.

=== Final Project ===

;Presentation Date: May 31<sup>st</sup>
;Maximum presentation length: ~10 minutes (''to be confirmed'')
;Presentation deliverables: Turn in slides on Canvas (''details to be announced'')

;Paper Due Date: June 10<sup>th</sup>
;Maximum paper length:  4500 words (~18 pages)
;Paper deliverables: Turn in on Canvas

For your final project, I expect students to build on the first two assignments to describe what they have done and what they have found. I'll expect every student to give both:

* A short presentation to the class
* A final report that is not more than 4500 words (~18 pages)

I expect that your reports will include text from the first two assignments and reflect comprehensive documentation of your project. Each project should include: (a) the description of the problem or domain you have identified, (b) the community innovation methods you have used to find a solution and, (c) the results.

You will be evaluated on the degree to which you have demonstrated that you understand and have engaged with the course material and not on the quality of the innovations you have found. If you do not find great solutions to your problem in the communities you've identified, that's fine. Whether or not your proposal is successful, I want you to reflect on why the methods worked (or did not work) and how they might have worked better. What did you do right? What would you do differently in the future? What did the course and readings not teach that they should have?

A successful project will tell a compelling story and will engage with, and improve upon, the course material to teach an audience that includes me, your classmates, and MCCN students taking this class in future years, how to take advantage of community innovation more effectively. The very best papers will give us all a new understanding of some aspect of course materal and change the way I teach some portion of this course in the future.

=== Grading ===

I have put together [https://mako.cc/teaching/assessment.html a very detailed page that describes the grading rubric we will be using in this course]. Please read it carefully I will assign grades for each of following items on the UW 4.0 grade scale according to the weights below:

* Participation: 30%
* Problem Identification: 5%
* Project Proposal: 10%
* Final Presentation: 15%
* Final Paper: 40%

== Schedule ==
=== March 29: The User Innovation Paradigm ===

'''Assignment (due in class):'''

:Think of an example of a user innovation that are you willing to share and discuss with the class. I'll be extra excited if you are the innovator!

'''Required Readings:'''

* von Hippel, Eric. [http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm Democratizing Innovation]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2005.
** Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview (pg 1-17)
** Chapter 3: Why Many Users Want Custom Products (pg 33-44)
** Chapter 9: Democratizing Innovation (pg 121-132)
* Pisano, Gary P., and Roberto Verganti. “[http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=bth&jid=HBR&scope=site Which Kind of Collaboration Is Right for You.]” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 12 (2008): 78–86. ([http://www.avaya.com/uk/resource/assets/whitepapers/what%20kind%20of%20collab.pdf Alternate Link])
* Baldwin, Carliss, and Eric von Hippel. “[http://orgsci.journal.informs.org/content/22/6/1399.abstract Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation.]” Organization Science 22, no. 6 (December 2011): 1399 –1417. [Available through UW Libraries]

'''Optional Readings:'''

* Kragh, Peter, and Sandra Walder. Join the User Innovation Revolution. Users Innovate Publishing, 2012. '''[Available from Instructor]'''

=== April 5: Finding Innovations: Lead Users ===

'''Required Readings:'''

* von Hippel, Eric. [http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm Democratizing Innovation]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2005.
** Chapter 2: Development of Products by Lead Users (pg 19-32)
** Chapter 10: Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations (pg 133-146)
* [Case] Thomke, Stefan and Ashok Nimgade. Innovation at 3M Corp. Harvard Business School Press, 2002.
* von Hippel, Eric, Stefan Thomke, and Mary Sonnack. “[http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=bth&jid=HBR&scope=site Creating Breakthroughs at 3M.]” Harvard Business Review 77, no. 5 (September 1999): 47–57. ([http://evhippel.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/hbr-99-lu-pub-version-3m.pdf Alternate link])

'''Optional Readings:'''

Although it's long, the Project Handbook may be extremely useful for anybody who wants to use lead user methods for their class project:

* Churchill, Joan, Eric von Hippel, and Mary Sonnack. [http://evhippel.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/lead-user-project-handbook-full-version.pdf Lead User Project Handbook: A practical guide for lead user project teams.] (Selections)

Finally, [http://evhippel.mit.edu/teaching/ these teaching videos (linked at the bottom of the page)] by Eric von Hippel on lead user methods might also be useful.

=== April 12: Finding Innovations: Toolkits ===

'''Required Readings:'''

* von Hippel, Eric. [http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm Democratizing Innovation]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2005.
** Chapter 5: Users’ Low-Cost Innovation Niches (pg 63-76)
** Chapter 11: Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design (pg 147-164)
* Hinkle, Mark. “[http://www.wired.com/insights/2013/11/open-source-a-platform-for-innovation/ Open Source: A Platform for Innovation | Innovation Insights.]” Wired: Innovation Insights, November 13, 2013.
* Raymond, Eric S. [http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary.] Edited by Tim O’Reilly. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly and Associates, 1999.
* “[http://www.economist.com/node/7963538. Living a Second Life.]” The Economist, September 28, 2006.
* Kohler, Thomas, Kurt Matzler, and Johann Füller. “[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497208001491 Avatar-Based Innovation: Using Virtual Worlds for Real-World Innovation.]” Technovation 29, no. 6–7 (June 2009): 395–407.

'''Optional Readings:'''

* Thomke, Stefan, and Eric von Hippel. “[http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=bth&jid=HBR&scope=site Customers as Innovators: A New Way to Create Value.]” Harvard Business Review 80, no. 4 (April 2002): 74–81. ([http://web.mit.edu/people/evhippel/papers/HBRtoolkitsaspub.pdf Alternate Link])
* von Hippel, Eric. “[http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4730466&site=ehost-live ‘Sticky Information’ and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation.]” Management Science 40, no. 4 (April 1994): 429–439. ([http://evhippel.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/stickyinfo.pdf Alternate Link])
* von Hippel, Eric. “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1840247 Perspective: User Toolkits for Innovation.]” Journal of Product Innovation Management 18, no. 4 (July 2001): 247–57.
* von Hippel, Eric, and Ralph Katz. “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.7.821.2817 Shifting Innovation to Users via Toolkits.]” Management Science 48, no. 7 (July 2002): 821–33.

=== April 19: Finding Innovations: Broadcast Search and Contests ===

'''Required Readings:'''

* Howe, Jeff. “[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html The Rise of Crowdsourcing.]” Wired Magazine 14, no. 6 (2006): 1–4. [Online]
* [Case] Lakhani, Karim R., InnoCentive.com (A). Harvard Business School Press, 2009.
* Boudreau, Kevin J., Nicola Lacetera, and Karim R. Lakhani. “[http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1322 Incentives and Problem Uncertainty in Innovation Contests: An Empirical Analysis.]” Management Science 57, no. 5 (May 2011): 843–863.
* Wright, Randall S. “[http://www.technologyreview.com/view/515751/thinking-of-running-an-open-innovation-contest-think-again/ Thinking of Running an Open Innovation Contest? Think Again.]” MIT Technology Review, June 5, 2013.
* Boudreau, Kevin J., and Karim R. Lakhani. “[http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-to-manage-outside-innovation/ How to Manage Outside Innovation.]” MIT Sloan Management Review, July 1, 2009.

'''Optional Reading:'''

* Crowdsourcing. Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England: The MIT Press, 2013. ([http://www.amazon.com/Crowdsourcing-MIT-Press-Essential-Knowledge/dp/0262518473 Amazon Link])

=== April 26: Finding Innovations: Collaborative Communities ===

'''Required Reading:'''

* von Hippel, Eric. [http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm Democratizing Innovation]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2005.
** Chapter 7: Innovation Communities (pg 93-106)
** [Case] Rao, Hayagreeva, Robert I. Sutton, David W. Hoyt. Mozilla: Scaling Through a Community of Volunteers. Stanford Graduate School of Business, 2009.
** Hill, Benjamin Mako. [http://mako.cc/academic/hill-almost_wikipedia-DRAFT.pdf Almost Wikipedia.]
** Murray, Fiona, and Siobhan O’Mahony. “[http://orgsci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/1006 Exploring the Foundations of Cumulative Innovation: Implications for Organization Science.]” Organization Science 18, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 1006–1021.

=== May 3: Applications: Remixing and Creative Innovation ===

'''Guest Lecture:'''

:[http://andresmh.com/ Andrés Monroy-Hernández] from Microsoft Research's [http://fuse.microsoft.com/ FUSE Labs] will attend to talk with us about creative collaboration. Andrés is a technologist and researcher in social computing and civic media and an expert in remixing. He has a PhD from the [http://www.media.mit.edu/ MIT Media Lab].

'''Required Readings:'''

* Lessig, Lawrence. [https://archive.org/stream/LawrenceLessigRemix/Remix-o.txt Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy]. Penguin Press HC, 2008. (Introduction)
* [Video Case] Lakhani, Karim R., and Zahra Kanji. Threadless: The Business of Community. Harvard Business School Press, 2008.
* Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. “[The Remixing Dilemma The Trade-Off Between Generativity and Originality.]” American Behavioral Scientist 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 643–663. ([http://mako.cc/academic/hill_monroy-remixing_dilemma-DRAFT.pdf Free Preprint])

'''Optional Readings:'''

Sinnreich, Aram. Mashed Up: Music, Technology, and the Rise of Configurable Culture. University of Massachusetts Press, 2010. (Excerpts) [Forthcoming in Canvas]

Vaidhyanathan, Siva. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity. New York: New York University Press, 2001. [Available from Instructor]

=== May 10: Applications: Hackers and the "Underground" ===

'''Required Readings:'''

* Mollick, Ethan. “Tapping into the Underground.” MIT Sloan Management Review 46, no. 4 (2005): 21. [Available through UW Libraries]
* Rosenbaum, Ron. “Secrets of the Little Blue Box.” Esquire Magazine, 1971, 116.
* [Case] Viard, V. Brian, and Pamela Yatsko. Blizzard v. bnetd.org: Managing Intellectual Property (A). Stanford Graduate School of Business, 2006.
* Wayner, Peter. “Tweaking a Camera to Suit a Hobby.” The New York Times, May 26, 2010, sec. Technology / Personal Tech. [Free Online]

'''Optional Reading:'''

* Mollick, Ethan. “The Engine of the Underground: The Elite-Kiddie Divide.” SIGGROUP Bull. 25, no. 2 (2005): 23–27. [Available through UW Libraries]
* Scacchi, Walt. “Computer Game Mods, Modders, Modding, and the Mod Scene.” First Monday 15, no. 5 (2010). [Free Online]

=== May 17: Applications: Human Computation ===

<!-- This session will be coordinated by guest lecturer and crowdsourcing expert Aaron Shaw from the Northwestern University Department of Communication Studies. -->

The class will focus on issues in crowdsourcing and human computation. Our discussion will emphasize two examples: Amazon's Mechanical Turk Marketplace and DuoLingo.

'''Required Readings:'''

* Revisit Jeff Howe's Wired article, The Rise of Crowdsourcing. [Free Online]
* Amazon Mechanical Turk Requester UI Guide (pp. 1-15). [Free Online]
* Amazon Mechanical Turk Best Practices Guide. [Free Online]
* von Ahn, Luis. Massive Scale Human Collaboration (TedX video lecture). [Free Online]

'''Required Tasks:'''

In preparation for this session, you should complete some tasks in each of the following systems:

* Amazon's Mechanical Turk (complete at least 2 "Hits" as a worker).
* DuoLingo (Complete an exercise in any language you like and try at least one "Immersion" task).

Please come to class prepared to describe and discuss your experience as a crowd worker!

=== May 24: Challenges: Commercialization and Communities ===

'''Required Readings:'''

* von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2005. [Free Online]
** Chapter 6: Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations
* [Case] Greenstein, Shane, Rebecca Frazzano, and Evan Meagher. Triumph of the Commons: Wikia and the Commercialization of Open-Source Communities in 2009. Kellogg School of Management, 2009.
* Hill, Benjamin Mako. “Problems and Strategies in Financing Voluntary Free Software Projects.” In Proceedings of LinuxTag, 2005. [Free Online]

'''Optional Reading:'''

* Frey, Bruno S., and Reto Jegen. “Motivation Crowding Theory.” Journal of Economic Surveys 15, no. 5 (2001): 589–611. [Available through UW Libraries]
* Raasch, Christiana, and Eric von Hippel (2012), “Amplifying user and producer innovation: The power of participation motives” MIT Sloan School of Management Working Paper (October) [Free Online]
* Hutter, Katja, Julia Hautz, Johann Füller, Julia Mueller, and Kurt Matzler. “Communitition: The Tension between Competition and Collaboration in Community-Based Design Contests.” Creativity and Innovation Management 20, no. 1 (2011): 3–21. [Available through UW Libraries]

=== May 31: Challenges: Resistance to Innovation ===

'''Note: The final session will be devoted to final presentations.'''

'''Optional Readings:'''

* Morison, Elting. “Gunfire at Sea: A Case Study of Innovation.” Men, Machines, and Modern Times, 1966, 17–44.
* [Case] Chesbrough, Henry W., and Alexander Stern. Webasto: Co-Creating Innovation with Lead Users. UCB - Haas School of Business, 2012.