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Organizations and their effectiveness-2016/Key concept definitions
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=== Russ === Social norms are informal rules that govern behavior in social groups. Honesty and reciprocity are common examples. Norms are an important mechanism for maintaining social order and facilitating cooperation. Deviation from norms is often met with sanctions, which may be informal (e.g., scorn) or formal (e.g., exclusion from the group). Robert Merton's classic article on "The Normative Structure of Science" offers a nice illustration of norms. In the article (attached), he argues that science is characterized by four norms: Universalism---scientific contributions are evaluated independently of the person or persons who made them (e.g., anyone can potentially make a contribution to science) Communism---scientific findings are the property of the community (i.e., there should be no private ownership of scientific knowledge) Disinterestedness---science is done to advance the enterprise of science, not for the personal gain of contributors organized skepticism---scientific claims should be subjected to criticism and scrutiny before being accepted
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