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Organizations and their effectiveness-2016/Key concept definitions
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=== Mara === Power is the #1 obsession in IR, so it's difficult to formulate a one-sentence definition. But roughly, I think the various understanding of power can be distilled along two dimensions. 1) "Materialist/Agentic": in the sense that power is something agents possess and exert; having “power over” *The most famous example here is Dahl’s (1957) definition: power is “power is the ability of A to get B to do something he or she would otherwise not do” However, this reflects a rather limited conception since it views power as: agentic; direct (A acts on B); intentional (A means to do something to B); compulsive/coercive; and requiring a change in behavior, which assumes that the effects of power will be observable & measurable. To address some of these limitations, we can bring in a second dimension of power 2) "Relational/Constitutive": power is something that creates agents and defines them in relation to one another; having “power to”. *The best summary here is Barnett & Duvall (2005), who develop a 2x2 typology: [[File:barnett&duvall2005.png]] **"Compulsory power": direct control by one actor over another in relations of interaction (Dahlian power) **"Institutional power": control actors exercise over others indirectly & diffusely over within formal & informal institutions—i.e. exercise of power via institutional rules that prescribe and proscribe certain conduct; actors control others in indirect ways (ex. agenda-setting power) **"Structural power": constitution of subjects’ identities, capacities and interests in direct, dialectic social relation to one another (e.g. master/slave dialectic, civilized/uncivilized) (Hegel) **"Productive power": socially-diffuse production of subjectivity in systems of meaning and signification that shapes all actors alike in their environment (not in direct relation to one another)—i.e. constitution of all subjects together through various systems of knowledge and discursive practices, and networks of social forces perpetually shaping one another (e.g. categories like “civilized” or “terrorist”) (Foucault)
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