Online Communities and Crowds (Winter 2022)


 * Online Communities & Crowds
 * Communication Studies 378 (undergraduate)
 * Media, Technology & Society (MTS) 525 (graduate)
 * Wednesdays 10am-11:30am CT
 * Winter, 2022
 * Northwestern University


 * Course websites
 * Canvas for announcements, submitting assignments, and file sharing.
 * Zoom for remote, synchronous course meetings and guest speaker visits.
 * Class discord server for chat and probably some other stuff.
 * Wikipedia Assignment dashboard for everything related to the Wikipedia Assignment.
 * This wiki page for nearly everything else.


 * Instructor: Aaron Shaw ([mailto:aaronshaw@northwestern.edu aaronshaw@northwestern.edu])
 * Office Hours: TBA and by-appointment.
 * Please signup for office hours appointments (and check that page for details).
 * Also usually available via chat during "business hours."


 * Teaching Assistant: Sohyeon Hwang
 * Office Hours:
 * (remote) Mondays 1PM-2PM CT, virtually at: []
 * (in-person, after) Tuesdays 11AM-1PM CT, at room 2-430 in Frances Searle (up the main stairs from the lobby, and then go right).
 * Also usually available via chat during "business hours".



Overview
Online communities & crowds are fundamental to how people communicate, work, play, learn, socialize, and more. However, they also threaten our well-being and undermine critical social institutions as well as the integrity of public discourse.

This course seeks to understand online communities & crowds. It does so through an interdisciplinary inquiry into a set of practical challenges that confront online communities & crowds today. When and why do some efforts to overcome these challenges succeed? What insights and expectations can we draw from these experiences?

Learning objectives
The course is designed to enable students to achieve the following goals:
 * Understand and critically engage central concepts, examples, and issues relevant to online communities & crowds.
 * Experience and apply practical approaches to online collaboration (in online communities and crowds).
 * Assess and iteratively improve upon your own work and that of your peers in light of the concerns analyzed in class.
 * Elaborate original insights into online communities & crowds, extending and applying the material presented in class.

Format and materials
The course consists of both synchronous (remote or in-person) and asynchronous (recorded) lecture sessions as well as discussion sections. The undergraduate discussion sections will be led by the Teaching Assistant and the graduate discussion section will be led by the Instructor.

The lectures will synthesize a variety of historical, theoretical, and empirical materials. The discussion sections will focus on weekly reading/viewing assignments.

All readings and other materials for the course will be linked from this page and/or posted on Canvas.

Assignments and responsibilities
The course includes "weekly" and "irregular" assignments.

Every week all participants are responsible for (1) consuming any recorded lecture(s); (2) attending the synchronous lecture and discussion section; and (3) completing any weekly assignments. Weekly assignments are usually readings along with reading quizzes (undergraduate) or memos (graduate). The graduate reading assignments usually consist of the undergraduate reading assignments plus additional materials (the schedule indicates this accordingly).

Everyone in the course will complete the Wikipedia assignment. Otherwise, the irregular assignments for graduate and undergraduate members of the course diverge quite a bit. Details are provided below.

All written assignments should be submitted as a PDF via Canvas. I recommend you familiarize yourself with Aaron's assessment policies (especially the assessment rubric for written work) as well as salient principles on academic integrity, especially the appropriate attribution of sources. Please submit written work in a readable (size 11 or greater) font and adopt a standard citation style (e.g., APA or PACM HCI) throughout. Please include your name somewhere (prominent!) in the document that you submit as well as your last name at the beginning of the filename (e.g., "Shaw-occ-week1-assignment.pdf").

Weekly assignments
The course schedule provides details of all reading assignments as well as links to materials and Canvas pages for submitting written assignments. Specifics for several types of assignments follow below.

Undergraduate: Reading quizzes
At the beginning of every Wednesday class session (with the exceptions of Weeks 1 and 10), all members of the undergraduate course will receive a reading quiz via Canvas. The reading quiz will consist of a small number of multiple-choice questions, which will be graded out of 10 points. The quiz will start when class starts and end four minutes later. If you are slightly late starting the quiz, you might be able to complete it in time. If you are very late or absent, you’ll get a zero. There are no make-up quizzes. At the end of the term, we’ll drop your lowest three quiz grades.

Graduate: Discussion memos and lead discussants
Graduate students in the course are required to submit discussion memos via Canvas no later than Tuesday at 9pm CT each week (with the exception of week 1). The memos are intended to facilitate digestion of the reading/viewing materials ahead of each discussion section. They should be short (400-500 words) and should synthesize central arguments and/or themes of readings/viewings. During the quarter you may skip up to two discussion memos with no consequences.

Each graduate student will also be required to serve as a lead discussant in section at least once during the quarter. Details and expectations will be discussed in the first section meeting.

Irregular assignments
Irregular assignments include the Wikipedia assignment as well as several longer-form written assignments. Brief descriptions follow here with additional details provided via linked pages.

The Wikipedia assignment (everyone):
All members of the course will participate in the collaborative creation of de novo Wikipedia articles. This assignment will proceed in small teams of 4-5 people led by graduate students and will take place over about six weeks starting at the beginning of the quarter. It will culminate in a short essay reflecting on and assessing the experience in light of the other course materials. Details will be (almost entirely) provided through the course WikiEdu Dashboard.


 * Deadlines (See WikiEdu Dashboard for specific assignments):
 * January 7: Introduction, Create an account, join the course page, learn some basics, evaluate an article
 * January 14: Review some more rules, Start working with your team, Choose possible article topics
 * January 21: Edit existing articles/citations, finalize article topic, start drafting articles
 * January 28: Exchange and respond to peer review of article drafts
 * February 4: Improve/polish articles, publish articles (move them into the main namespace)
 * February 11: Final revisions to articles before reflective essay.
 * February 15: Reflective essay due.

Final exam
Undergraduate students in the course will be required to complete a take-home final exam late in the quarter that will cover material from lectures and from the assigned readings. The exam will consist of two short essay prompts. The prompts will cover course materials up to the point of the exam; they will emphasize synthetic understanding of course materials and will not require outside research. We estimate the exam will only take a couple of hours to complete, however, given the circumstances, we will make it available during two days and students may complete it at any time during that window.


 * Exam available: March 7
 * Exam due: March 9

Community Advising assignments 1 & 2
Undergraduate students in the course will also be required to complete two Community Advising assignments (CA1 and CA2, for short). For each assignment, you are invited to serve as an expert advisor to the leaders and members of an online community or crowd and to provide evidence-based insights into how to better address a specific challenge they face.

For CA1, the teaching team will select the community/crowd as well as the challenge. In elaborating your recommendations to address the challenge, we expect you to draw on sources and evidence provided as part of the course (readings, lecture, section materials, etc.). You may, but absolutely do not need to draw on additional sources.

For CA2, you will select your own community/crowd and challenge. We encourage you to choose a community/crowd of which you are a member/leader and where you could, even if only in theory, deliver your recommendations to other members/leaders and have some chance of seeing the recommendations debated/adopted. For CA2 we expect you to draw on sources and evidence provided as part of the course (again) as well as any additional materials you deem relevant/useful. Please note that we require you to meet with a member of the teaching team to discuss your plan and to secure written (email or chat is fine) approval of your chosen community/crowd and challenge at least two weeks before CA2 is due.


 * CA1 announced: February 2
 * CA1 due: February 8
 * CA2 topic proposal: February 9-March 2
 * CA2 due: March 16

Graduate: Original research project
Graduate students in the course will be required to complete an original research project. This project may take the form of (1) a detailed research plan/proposal; (2) a replication/revisit of an important and influential study; (3) a completed original research manuscript (i.e., a "submission-ready" draft of a journal article or conference paper). Please note that you are also required to submit an abstract/proposal for the project and you must submit a new abstract/proposal at least two weeks before the project due date if you want to change the topic/direction substantially.


 * Project abstract/proposal due: February 22
 * Completed project due: March 16

Discussion sections
The center of this course will be your discussion section. Attendance and participation are mandatory. Detailed attendance and participation policies will be provided by the respective section leaders.

Sections are meant to provide you with an opportunity to confront, challenge, and explore the major themes of each week in a safe, respectful environment. Your active participation is indispensable, so come prepared, ready to test out ideas and hypotheses. Please keep in mind that participation is about more than who speaks the most. It is also about demonstrating a willingness to think through your own and others’ ideas. Some ground rules:
 * Respect others’ rights to hold opinions and beliefs different from yours. Challenge the idea, not the person.
 * Listen carefully to what others are saying even when you disagree. Comments that you make (asking for clarification, sharing critiques, expanding on a point, etc.) should reflect that you have paid attention to the speaker’s comments.
 * Be courteous. Don’t interrupt or engage in private conversations while others are speaking.
 * Support your statements. Use evidence and provide a rationale for your points.
 * Allow everyone the chance to talk. If you have spoken a lot already, try to hold back a bit; if you are hesitant to speak, look for opportunities to contribute to the discussion.

Grading and assessment
The teaching team will assign grades (usually a number between 0-10) that assess your performance of several elements of the course listed in the table below. For each element, grades start with the maximum possible value (10) and only decrease in the event of a specific failure to meet some aspect of the relevant assessment rubric (more on those below). The percentage values are weights that will be applied to calculate your overall grade for the course.

For detailed assessment rubrics that the teaching team will use to derive grades for all assignments, please see the corresponding assignment page as well as Aaron's general assessment page. Other relevant information about academic integrity policies, grade appeals (requests to regrade), and more can be found on the general course policies page.

General course policies
General policies on a wide variety of topics including classroom equity, attendance, academic integrity, accommodations, late assignments, and more are provided on Aaron's class policies page. Below are some policy statements specific to this course and quarter.

COVID-19 Policies
Aaron's COVID-19 policies page provides specific COVID-19 policies mandated by Northwestern University. Several additional COVID-19-related policies follow below.

Teaching and learning in a pandemic
Even beyond my COVID-19 policies, the ongoing pandemic will impact this course in various ways, some of them obvious and tangible and others harder to pin down. On the obvious and tangible front, we have things like the fact that we will begin quarter remotely and, assuming we return to campus, will still be wearing masks when we do so. These will shape our collective experience in major ways.

On the "harder to pin down" side, even though (or maybe especially because) we've been doing this pandemic thing for a while now, many of us may experience elevated levels of exhaustion, stress, uncertainty and/or distraction. We may need to provide unexpected support to family, friends, or others in our communities. I have some personal experiences with this and I expect that many (all?) of you do too. It can be a difficult time.

It is important to acknowledge the realities of the situation and create the space to discuss and process them in the context of our class throughout the quarter. As your instructor and colleague, I commit to do my best to approach the course in an adaptive, generous, and empathetic way. I will try to be transparent and direct with you throughout—both with respect to the course material as well as the pandemic and the university's ongoing response to it. I ask that you try to extend a similar attitude towards everyone in the course. When you have questions, feedback, or concerns, please try to share them in an appropriate, empathetic way. If you require accommodations of any kind at any time (directly related to the pandemic or not), please contact me.

Expectations for class sessions
The following are some baseline expectations for our class sessions. Please feel free to ask questions, suggest changes, or raise concerns during the quarter. I welcome all input. Please note that these expectations apply independent of whatever modalities we use to hold the class!
 * All members of the class are expected to create a supportive and welcoming environment that is respectful of the conditions under which we are participating in this class.
 * All members of the class are expected to take reasonable steps to create an effective teaching/learning environment for themselves and others.

Expectations for synchronous remote "lecture" sessions
And here are suggested protocols for any video/audio portions of the "lecture" portions of our class (i.e., the Wednesday meetings):
 * Please mute your microphone whenever you're not speaking and learn to use "push-to-talk" if/when possible.
 * Video is optional for students during lecture, although if you're willing/able to keep the instructors company in the video channel we always appreciate it.
 * If possible, we ask you to enable video when you want to speak (ask a question, make a comment, etc.) or are in breakout rooms.
 * If you need to excuse yourself at any time and for any reason you may do so.
 * Children, family, pets, roommates, and others with whom you may share your workspace are welcome to join our class as needed. Please do your best to minimize distractions and disruptions to others in the course.

Expectations for in-person sessions
Please wear a suitable and well-fitting face covering over your nose and mouth for the duration of our time in class together.

I ask everyone to come to our in-person class sessions prepared to comply with all applicable university COVID-19 policies and guidelines. We will be following Northwestern's guidelines for instructional spaces, including the use of face coverings, consistent seating, and health monitoring using the Symptom Tracker app (either the mobile or web-based version is fine). We'll review this early in the quarter as Northwestern continues to update its policies and guidelines.

Syllabus revisions
This syllabus will be a dynamic document that will evolve throughout the quarter. Although the core expectations are fixed, the details will shift. As a result, please keep in mind the following:


 * 1) Assignments and readings are frozen 1 week before they are due. I will not add readings or assignments less than one week before they are due. If I forget to add something or fill in a "To Be Determined" less than one week before it's due, it is dropped. If you plan to read or work more than one week ahead, contact me first.
 * 2) Substantial changes to the syllabus or course materials will be announced. Please monitor your email for Canvas messages about changes. Also, whenever I make changes, these changes will be recorded in the edit history of this page so that you can track what has changed.
 * 3) The course design may adapt throughout the quarter. As usual (for me at least), I may iterate and prototype course design elements rapidly along the way. To this end, I will ask you for voluntary feedback — especially toward the beginning of the quarter. Please let me know what is working and what can be improved. In the past, I have made many adjustments based on this feedback and I expect to do so again.

Additional resources/readings
Throughout the quarter, we will undoubtedly generate a long list of related topics, readings, videos, memes, etc. You can add things to that list here

Schedule (with all the details)
Please note that the date provided for each week corresponds to the Wednesday session when we all meet together. Everyone also has discussion sections

Lectures

 * 0: Introduction and course overview.
 * 1: Birth of the "modem world."

Assignments

 * Enroll in our course Wikipedia Assignment (link and passcode TBA).
 * Begin Week 1 of the Wikipedia Assignment

Undergraduate

 * Steve Jobs. 2005. Commencement Address. Stanford University, Stanford, CA. (Note: you can watch or read this one in various places)
 * John Perry Barlow. 1996. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.
 * Katie Hafner. 1997. The epic saga of The WELL. Wired Magazine. (Long magazine article!)
 * The BBS Documentary (excerpt).

Graduate

 * Driscoll, Kevin. Hobbyist Internetworking. Doctoral Thesis, University of Southern California (excerpt).
 * Turner, Fred. 2005. Where the counterculture met the new economy: The WELL and the origins of virtual community. Technology and Culture.

Additional resources

 * Stanford 2011 symposium: From Counterculture to Cyberculture: the Legacy of the Whole Earth Catalog.

Lectures

 * 2: What (was|is) a community anyway?
 * 3: Crowds: Their madness and wisdom
 * 4: Defining online communities & crowds

Undergraduate

 * Oldenburg, Ray. 1989. The great good place: Cafés, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day. Paragon House Publishers. Chapter 1 ("The Problem of Place in America") and Chapter 2 ("The Character of Third Places").
 * Bruckman, Amy. 2006. A new perspective on ‘community’ and its implications for computer-mediated communication systems. In Extended Abstracts of the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 616-621.
 * Excerpt from The future of crowd work (?)

Graduate

 * Hampton, Keith. 2016. Persistent and pervasive community: New communication technologies and the future of community. American Behavioral Scientist.
 * O’Mahony, Siobhan, Lakhani, Karim. R. 2011. Organizations in the shadow of communities, In Marquis, C., Lounsbury, M., Greenwood, R. (eds.), Research in the Sociology of Organizations, vol. 33: Communities and Organizations: 3–36. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. (Link is working paper / pre-print version).

Additional resources

 * Bruckman, Amy. 2016. The Rheingold test.
 * Ko, Amy J. Community analysis template.
 * Simmel, Georg. The web of group affiliations.

Lectures
N: Motivating participation N: Participation inequalities N: "Too much democracy in all the wrong places"

Undergraduate

 * Kraut & Resnick. Building Successful Online Communities. Encouraging contributions to online communities (Chapter 2) (pdf from Kraut's Web site).
 * Buechley, L. and Hill, B. M. 2010. LilyPad in the wild: How hardware's long tail is supporting new engineering and design communities. Proceedings of the ACM Designing Interactive Systems (DIS) Conference.

Graduate

 * van de Rijt et al. 2014. Field experiments of success-breeds-success dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences (PNAS).
 * Shaw, Fiers, and Hargittai. Unpublished ms. Participation inequality in the gig economy]. (to-be-distributed ahead of class).
 * Dunbar-Hester, Christina. 2020. Hacking diversity: The politics of inclusion in open technology cultures. (excerpt)

Additional resources

 * Kelty, Christopher, M. 2017. Too Much Democracy in All the Wrong Places: Toward a Grammar of Participation. Current Anthropology 2017 58:S15, S77-S90
 * Kelty, C. and Erickson, S. 2018. Two modes of participation: A conceptual analysis of 102 cases of Internet and social media participation from 2005–2015. The Information Society, 34(2): 71–87.

Lectures
N: Newcomer recruitment and socialization N: On the varieties of newcomer experience

Undergraduate

 * Kraut & Resnick. Building Successful Online Communities, Dealing with newcomers (Chapter 5) (pdf from Kraut's Web site).
 * Charles Kiene, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. Surviving an "Eternal September": How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1152–1156. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858356

Graduate

 * Corey Brian Jackson, Carsten Østerlund, Kevin Crowston, Mahboobeh Harandi, and Laura Trouille. 2020. Shifting forms of Engagement: Volunteer Learning in Online Citizen Science. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1, Article 036, 19 pages.
 * Aaron Halfaker, Aniket Kittur, and John Riedl. 2011. Don't bite the newbies: How reverts affect the quantity and quality of Wikipedia work. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (WikiSym '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 163--172.
 * Casey Fiesler and Brianna Dym. 2020. Moving Across Lands: Online Platform Migration in Fandom Communities. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1, Article 042 (May 2020), 25 pages. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3392847

Additional resources

 * Susan L. Bryant, Andrea Forte, and Amy Bruckman. 2005. Becoming Wikipedian: transformation of participation in a collaborative online encyclopedia. In Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work (GROUP '05).
 * Preece, Jennifer and Schneiderman, Ben. 2009. The reader-to-leader framework: Motivating technology-mediated social participation. AIS Transaction on Human-Computer Interaction.
 * Seering et al. 2020. Proximate social factors in first-time contribution to online communities. CHI.
 * Sneha Narayan, Jake Orlowitz, Jonathan Morgan, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Aaron Shaw. 2017. The Wikipedia Adventure: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17).
 * Van Maanen, John. 1978. People processing: Strategies of organizational socialization, Organizational Dynamics, (7)1. 19-36.

Lectures
N: Identity: The presentation of online self N: Privacy and disclosure N: Anonymity: Threat or menace?

Undergraduate

 * J. Donath. 1998. Identity and deception in the virtual community. In Kollock, P. and Smith, M. (eds). Communities in Cyberspace. London: Routledge. pp. 37-68.
 * Kishonna L. Gray. 2012. Intersecting oppressions and online communities. Information, Communication & Society, 15:3, 411-428, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.642401

Graduate

 * Acquisti, Alessandro, Laura Brandimarte, and George Loewenstein. Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science 347.6221 (2015): 509-514.
 * Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. The Hidden Costs of Requiring Accounts: Quasi-Experimental Evidence From Peer Production. Communication Research (2020): 0093650220910345.
 * Nazanin Andalibi, Margaret E. Morris, and Andrea Forte. 2018. Testing Waters, Sending Clues: Indirect Disclosures of Socially Stigmatized Experiences on Social Media. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW, Article 19 (November 2018), 23 pages. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3274288

Additional resources

 * Bernstein, M., Monroy-Hernández, A., Harry, D., André, P., Panovich, K., & Vargas, G. 2011. 4chan and /b/: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 5(1), 50-57.
 * Dibbell, J. (1993, Dec 23). A rape in cyberspace: How an evil clown, a Haitian trickster spirit, two wizards, and a cast of dozens turned a database into a society. The Village Voice.
 * Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
 * K. L. Gray. 2012. Deviant bodies, stigmatized identities, and racist acts: examining the experiences of African-American gamers in Xbox Live, New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 18:4, 261-276, DOI: 10.1080/13614568.2012.746740

Lectures

 * 1) Governing the digital commons: A crude and brief synthesis
 * 2) Governance of and by (and within?) platforms
 * 3) Order from chaos? Governing autonomous communities

Undergraduate

 * Kiesler, S, Kittur, A., Kraut, R., & Resnick, P. 2012. Regulating behavior in online communities in Kraut, R. and Resnick, P. Building Successful Online Communities (Chapter 4).
 * Gillespie, Tarleton. 2018. Governance of and by platforms. In Sage Handbook of Social Media, Jean Burgess,Thomas Poell, and Alice Marwick (eds).
 * Read and compare/contrast the GNOME Code of Conduct with the Ubuntu Code of Conduct v2.0.

Graduate

 * Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Shagun Jhaver, Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Gianluca Stringhini, Emiliano De Cristofaro, and Robert West. 2021. Do Platform Migrations Compromise Content Moderation? Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5, CSCW2, Article 316 (October 2021), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3476057
 * Massa, F. G., & O’Mahony, S. (2021). Order from Chaos: How Networked Activists Self-Organize by Creating a Participation Architecture. Administrative Science Quarterly. doi:10.1177/00018392211008880.

Additional resources

 * Hampton, Rachelle. 2019. The black feminists who saw the alt-right coming. Slate.
 * Ilori, Tomiwa. 2020. Content moderation is particularly hard in African countries. Slate.
 * Massachi, Saher. 2021. How to save our social media by treating it like a city. MIT Technology Review.

Lectures
N: TITLE

Lectures
N: TITLE

Lectures
N: TITLE

Lectures
N: TITLE

Lectures
N: TITLE

Acknowledgments and Credits
This course design and syllabus builds from prior iterations as well as similar/adjacent courses offered by Joseph Reagle (Northeastern University); Benjamin Mako Hill (University of Washington); Casey Fiesler (University of Colorado at Boulder); Amy Bruckman (Georgia Institute of Technology); Sarita Yardi Schoenbeck (University of Michigan); Nazanin Andalibi (University of Michigan); and Nicole Ellison (University of Michigan). It has also been shaped by input from past students in the course and past teaching assistants (Sneha Narayan and Jeremy Foote). Some of the language and policies were co-authored with Daniel Immerwahr (Northwestern).