Online Communities (UW COM481 Spring 2024)


 * COM481A: Online Communities - Department of Communication
 * Instructor: Kaylea Champion / Messages via Discord or Canvas preferred or if necessary [mailto:kaylea@uw.edu kaylea@uw.edu]
 * You can call me "Professor Champion"! I use she/her pronouns, and I'll do my best to use your name and pronouns correctly, but please (please!) help me get it right if I'm wrong. Your comfort -- and your name and pronouns -- matter to me!
 * Course Meetings: 10:30 - 12:20, Tu/Th CMU 104
 * Course Websites
 * We will use Canvas for announcements and turning in assignments.
 * We will use Discord to discuss, ask questions, and share information around the course material. (Invitation link is in the Class Setup Checklist.)
 * Course absence form: It is important to tell me if you are not coming to class at least one hour before class begins.
 * For the Wikipedia assignments, we will use this WikiEdu class page and dashboard.
 * Everything else will be linked on this page.
 * Got a question? Maybe it's on the UW COM 481 FAQs page?
 * Optional! Pitch in to the Spotify playlist for this quarter's class. Share what's fun, what's cool, what's speaking to you this quarter, what more people should know about: the Online Communities Spring 2024 Spotify Playlist. Otherwise we're just going to listen to things Prof. Champion picked ;).


 * Course Catalog Description of Topics:
 * Communities formed through digital communication networks and social media. How people build communities, engage in collaboration and conflict, and also develop communities in online environments. Involves study and use of online communities.

Overview and Learning Objectives
Today, online communities are central parts of each of our daily lives and have an important impact on our cultural, social, and economic experience of the world and each other. This course combines an in-depth look into several decades of research into online communities and computer-mediated communication with exercises that aim to give students experience applying this research to the evaluation of, and hands-on participation in, online communities.

As students of communication in the twenty-first century, I expect that many of you taking this course will, after graduation, work in jobs that involve communicating in, working with, or managing online communities. This class seeks to inform these experiences by helping you learn how to use and contribute to online communities more effectively and how to construct, improve, or design your own online communities.

I will consider the course a complete success if every student is able to do all of these things at the end of the quarter:


 * Write and speak fluently about the rules and norms of the Wikipedia community and demonstrate this fluency through successful contributions to Wikipedia.
 * Recall, compare, and give examples of key theories that seek to explain why some online communities grow and attract participants while others do not.
 * Demonstrate an ability to critically apply the theories from the course to the evaluation of a real online community of your choice.
 * Engage with the course material and compellingly present your own ideas and reflections in writing and orally.

I also have a "stretch goal": I want your work in this class to help you, in some direct way. Maybe it's having a great answer in a job interview when it's time to convince the interviewer that you have a lot to offer. Maybe it's having a piece of work you can feel good about sharing with others. Maybe it's applying your COM481 thinking to a new assignment at work. Maybe it's seeing your world in a new way that helps you solve a problem. Or maybe it's just having an answer when someone asks skeptical questions about what you got out of studying Communication! This goal is hard to measure but it's my hope for you and what I'm working for every day during the quarter.

Class format and structure
In general, the organization of the course adopts a "flipped" approach where you consume instructional materials on your own or in groups and we use synchronous meetings to answer questions, address challenges or concerns, work through solutions, and hold semi-structured discussions in the form of cases—discussed in detail below.

The asynchronous elements of this course include two parts:


 * 1) All readings, recorded lectures/slides, tutorials, and assignments from a variety of speakers; often these will be me or my advisor and supervisor, Benjamin Mako Hill.
 * 2) Conversation and discussion that happens in the group Discord server over the course of the week.

I expect you to finish all readings and watch all lectures outside of our class meeting times before the class sessions on which they are assigned. Please note that this means I will not generally deliver lectures during our class meetings. Please also note that this means you are fully responsible for reading all readings and watching all recorded lecture material before you come to the associated synchronous part of class.

I expect you to check in and participate in the Discord discussion. I plan to check and respond to conversation there at least daily throughout the quarter.

The synchronous elements of the course will be two weekly class meetings and optional open lab periods. Class meetings will happen at the normal time and in the normal place, unless I communicate otherwise. I will also offer open lab periods where you can drop in and ask questions. Open lab is an experiment I'm trying for this quarter to see if it's useful: I'll try to announce when they're coming up in a weekly announcement e-mail and I'll definitely mention them on Discord. For my more focused attention, please book an office hours appointment with me. Please note that if you book your appointment less than 24 hours in advance, I may not see your booking, so do ping me on Discord to confirm. Why should students book office hours appointments?

Each session is scheduled to run for a maximum of 110 minutes; we'll take a break half way through -- it's always my goal to end a bit early.

I will use the class meetings to do several things:


 * 1) Conduct each day's case study discussion involving an instructor-mediated conversation using input from each of you.
 * 2) Discuss and work through any questions or challenges you encounter in the materials assigned for that day.
 * 3) Discuss and/or answer questions about assignments that have come up.

Open lab periods will include:
 * 1) Time for you to ask your questions
 * 2) Time to work on your assignments with immediate help at hand

Attending open lab periods and office hours is optional.

Websites and Technology Expectations
There are a number of expectations that you will be able to connect to certain websites. In order to complete this class, I expect you to be able to access and use the following web resources:


 * wiki.communitydata.science — This website will host the syllabus for the course. I expect you to be able to visit it regularly. If you're reading this, you have access.
 * UW's Canvas — We'll be using Canvas for posting announcements, uploading course-restricted files, turning in assignments, and distributing grades, comments, and similar.
 * UW Library Proxy — I'm going to expect that you can use the UW Libraries proxy to access material that UW subscribes to from off campus. You'll need to to get material to read for class.
 * Discord — Discord is a chat system that we'll be using in the course to stay in touch between class and to discuss things asynchronously. It has screensharing and voice chat as well. There is a mobile app as well as a downloadable desktop app that you may find useful but you should be able to do everything you need to while using the web interface version. If you've got a question about an assignment, this is almost certainly going to be the the fastest and best way to get my attention. One benefit of asking a question on Discord is that others in the class will be able to see our answer to you! Instructions on joining the Discord server are in the Class Setup Checklist. You'll see that there are a series of channels we've created. If you don't see an obvious place to ask your question, go ahead and ask it in the #general-discussion channel.
 * Panopto — UW uses the video hosting service Panopto which I will be using to share all the lectures and recorded parts for this course.


 * English Wikipedia — Assignments for this course will involve contributing to Wikipedia. This means that you will need to have access to Wikipedia.
 * Google Docs — I'll be using Google Docs to host a series of web forms. This includes the form you'll need to fill out to tell me that you're going to miss class. You will need to be able to access Google to use this.
 * TikTok -- we will do one of our cases using TikTok (subject to availability).
 * Chat GPT -- we will do one of our cases using ChatGPT.

These websites, in turn, use a range of hosting providers including Amazon Web Services, Google, and Microsoft. As a result, participation in this course requires students to access Internet resources that may not be accessible directly in some places outside of the UW campus. Anybody taking the class must ensure that they can access all Internet resources required for this course reliably and safely. For students who are off-campus temporarily and are in a situation where direct access to these required resources is not possible, UW-IT recommends that students use the official UW VPN, called Husky OnNet VPN. UW-IT advises students to use the VPN with the “All Internet Traffic” option enabled (see the UW Libraries instructions and UW-IT’s FAQs). Doing so will route all incoming and outgoing Internet through UW servers while it is enabled.

Students who are outside the US should be aware that they may be subject to laws, policies and/or technological systems which restrict the use of any VPNs. UW does not guarantee students’ access to UW resources when students are off-campus, and students are responsible for their own compliance with all laws regarding the use of Husky OnNet and all other UW resources. Given that this course in-person, I don't expect this to be a big issue.

'''Having problems with the checklist? Running into terms you don't understand? We've collected some Frequently Asked Questions and Answers'''

Note about this Syllabus
You should expect this syllabus to be a dynamic document (not a 'contract'). Although the core expectations for this class are fixed, the details of readings and assignments will shift based on how the class goes, guest speakers that I arrange, my own readings in this area, etc. As a result, there are three important things to keep in mind:


 * Although details on this syllabus will change, I will try to ensure that I never change readings more than six days before they are due. This means that if I don't fill in a reading marked "" six days before it's due, it is dropped. If I don't change something marked "" before the deadline, then it is assigned. This also means that if you plan to read more than six days ahead, contact me first.
 * Because this syllabus is a wiki, you will be able to track every change by clicking the history button on this page when I make changes. I will summarize these changes in the weekly announcement on Canvas sent that will be emailed to everybody in the class. Closely monitor your email or the announcements section on the course website on Canvas to make sure you don't miss these announcements.
 * I will ask the class for voluntary anonymous feedback frequently — especially toward the beginning of the quarter. Please let me know what is working and what can be improved. In the past, I have made many adjustments to courses that I teach while the quarter progressed based on this feedback.
 * Many readings are marked as "[Available through UW libraries]". Most of these will be accessible to anybody who connects from the UW network. This means that if you're on campus, it will likely work. Although you can go through the UW libraries website to get most of these, the easiest way to get things using the UW library proxy bookmarklet. This is a little button you can drag-and-drop onto your bookmarks toolbar on your browser. When you press the button, it will ask you to log in using your UW NetID and then will automatically send your traffic through UW libraries. You can also use the other tools on this UW libraries webpage.

Organization
This course is organized into two components that roughly span the first and second halves of the quarter.

Component 1: The Theory and Practice of Online Communities


In the first half of the class (Weeks 1-6), the readings will look to theories of interpersonal media by focusing on how and why online communities succeed and fail and how and why they grow or shrink. In each of the weeks in this period, we will read from the book we'll be using as a textbook: Kraut et al.'s Building Successful Online Communities (BSOC). Here is the citation:


 * Kraut, Robert E., and Paul Resnick. Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design. The MIT Press, 2012.

A digital version of the book is available at all UW students through UW libraries and ProQuest Ebook Central at the following link (requires a UW NetID):

Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design Ebook

If you would like a paper copy, MIT Press sells the book for $35 as a paperback. Amazon has a limited number of hardcover copies available, starting at $13 as of December 2021. They also have paperbacks starting at $15 and the Kindle version is $26. Wikipedia has this long list of possible book sources.

More or less following the organizations of BSOC, we will focus on these key drivers of participation in online communities:


 * Motivation: How do online communities incentivize participation?
 * Commitment: How do online communities build relationships to keep individuals involved?
 * Rules and Governance: How do online communities create norms, rules, and governance?
 * Newcomers: How do online communities attract — or fail to attract — newcomers?
 * Creation: How should one start a new online community?

In order to ground the theoretical readings during the first half of the quarter, there will be weekly assignments that provide a structured opportunity to learn about and become involved in Wikipedia.

You should keep in mind that the bulk of the reading in the course — and most of the most difficult material — will be front-loaded in this first six week period. The goal is to make sure that you have a strong set of analytical tools and understand the theories you'll need by Week 7 so that you can use this material to focus on your projects.

Component 2: Examples and Challenges
In the second half of the course, we will focus less on theory and more on examples of online communities and on applications, examples, and challenges, associated with interpersonal media and computer-mediated communication.

Our reading during the second part of the quarter will be focused on cases studies. I will also focus on in-class discussions and exercises that prompt critical consideration of how online communities take place in different domains as well as the challenges associated with using online communities. Our goal here is to build up the ability to critically understand these communities in terms of the theory we covered earlier.

In general, readings during this second component will be on the lighter side and there will be no weekly assignments other than reading. The readings are lighter during this component because I'm expecting you to be spending time outside of class working on your projects.

Assignments
The assignments in this class are designed to give you an opportunity to try your hand at using the conceptual material taught in the class. There will be no exams or quizzes.

Unless otherwise noted, all assignments are due at the end of the day (i.e., 11:59pm on the day they are listed as being due, Pacific time zone).

Case discussion
The course relies heavily on the case study method which describes a particular form of instructor-mediated discussion. A standard "case" usually involves reading an example—perhaps up to 20-35 pages of background about an organization or group facing an ambiguous or difficult challenge. I will mark certain readings as "[Cases]" in the syllabus and I will expect you to read these particularly closely. It is important to realize that I will not summarize case material in class and I will not cover it in lecture. I expect you all to have read it and we will jump in and start discussing it.

Cases ask students to put themselves in the positions of individuals facing difficult situations to tease out the tensions and forces at play in the case and to construct — through group discussion — the broader lessons and takeaways. Cases are a wonderful way to connect the sometimes abstract concepts taught in many academic courses to real examples of the type of ambiguous situations that you will likely encounter in your career. Generally speaking, there are not right and wrong answers in cases.

Cold Calling
Cases rely roughly on the socratic method where instructors teaching cases cold call on students—i.e., instructors call on people without asking for volunteers first. I will be doing this in each class.

Because I understand that cold calling can be terrifying for some students, I will be circulating a list of questions (labeled "Reading Note" in the syllabus) that we will discuss alongside the weekly announcements (i.e., at least 6 days in advance). I will only cold call to ask questions for which you have time to prepare your answers. Although it is a very good idea to write out answers to these questions in advance, we will not be collecting these answers. You are welcome to work with other students to brainstorm possible answers. Although I may also ask questions that I do not distribute ahead of time, I will never cold call when asking these questions.

I have written a computer program that will generate a random list of students each day and I will use this list to randomly cold call students in the class. To try to maintain participation balance, the program will try to ensure that everybody is cold called a similar number of times during the quarter. Although there is always some chance that you will called upon next, you will become less likely to be called upon relative to your classmates each time you are called upon.

Assessment for case study discussion
I have placed detailed information on case study-based discussion on the case discussion section of my assessment page. This describes both the rubrics I will use to assess your case discussion and how I will compute the final grades in the course.

Papers
You will hand in two papers in this class. In both cases, I will ask you to connect something you have experience or knowledge about to course material.

The "Writing Rubric" section of the detailed page on assessment gives the rubric I will use to evaluate these papers.

Project 1: Contributing to Wikipedia
In the first project, you will be asked to learn about Wikipedia, its norms, rules, and processes. With this knowledge, you will all be asked to research and substantially extend an article on Wikipedia (you might also write a new article IF it meets Wikipedia criteria for new articles) and to publish this article in the encyclopedia. As part of this process, you will interact with other community members who are not part of the class. Afterward, you will be asked to write a short essay piece to reflect on this process and to connect your experience to the conceptual course material where appropriate.

I will use material from the Wiki Education Foundation (WikiEdu) to help you learn how to participate in Wikipedia. Every Friday during this first component of this class, there will be a assignment due that corresponds to one step in the process of getting involved in Wikipedia. Most weeks this will involve completing learning modules and assignments in a website put together by WikiEdu. These Wikipedia participation assignments won't be synced up with the theory, but they will provide with you lots of opportunity to reflect on the theoretical work we are covering.

You will need to participate in Wikipedia each week. I will be able to see this activity and we will help you. I will take time each week to discuss our progress and experience with Wikipedia and to connect it explicitly to the theoretical concepts we are covering.

Wikipedia Task #1

 * Task: Create an account and start orientation
 * Due: Friday March 29
 * Deliverables: Following the instructions in the training, make contributions in Wikipedia and the class WikiEdu dashboard


 * Complete the WikiEdu training.
 * During this training, you will create an account, make edits in a sandbox, and learn the basic rules of the Wikipedia community.
 * Once you have created an account, you must enroll in the course so that your account on Wikipedia is associated with the course and so that I can track your activity on Wikipedia. click this link and then click "Join" to enroll in the course. If you are asked for a passcode, you can enter lhpocuqg.
 * Once you are enrolled in the course, you should begin the training modules and complete the first two, Wikipedia policies and Sandboxes, talk pages, and watchlists.


 * Tips: The biggest pitfall in the past has been failing to enroll in the course. Make sure that you have created an account on https://en.wikipedia.org/ and are logged in. Then follow this link and click "Join".

Wikipedia Task #2

 * Tasks: (1) complete Wikipedia orientation; (2) introduce yourself to me and a classmate to practice communication with other editors on Wikipedia using talk pages; (3) choose article topic; (4) evaluate article
 * Due Date: Friday April 5
 * Deliverables: Make contributions in Wikipedia and the class WikiEdu dashboard

(1) First, complete the online training topics for week 2 in the the class WikiEdu dashboard.

(2) Second, to practice editing and communicating on Wikipedia, introduce yourself to me and at least one classmate on Wikipedia (it can be anybody) using their talk page (not your own talk page!). My username is Khascall and you can find a list of all of your classmates on the WikiEdu class page.

(3) Third, choose 3-5 possible articles in Wikipedia that you would like to significantly expand and improve. The WikiEdu module will walk you through sketching some brief notes on changes you might make; the next step will have you dig more deeply into a single article.

Choose articles that are as short and simple as possible and I strongly recommend that you choose a "stub" article on Wikipedia. Because some people are going to start with articles that are better than others, we're going to assess you on the amount to which you can improve the article—not on the final state of the article.

You can find a list of Stub articles arranged by topic here (there are literally millions):


 * List of Stubs — This is an extremely long list of articles that are currently stubs and which is also sorted into categories and then subcategories. It might be a little bit out of date so be sure to click through before you decide on an article.

If there is a topic you know you are interested in writing about that doesn't have an article, that is also possible but will be more difficult so we're recommending against that relatively strongly. If you're committed to doing that in any case, there are a few resources you might find helpful:


 * Requested Articles — This is a list of articles that others have asked to be created. It is sorted into categories and sub-categories. When you're looking at the list, remember that it's possible that somebody else has "gotten" to them first and forgot to remove it. Remember that a red link indicates that there is no page with that name.

When you're done looking at possible articles, you'll see that there is a "Choose your article" exercise on the WikiEdu dashboard that will end with you being prompted to fill out a page on Wikipedia with a list of articles you want to work on. The page will ask for "Evaluation" and "Sources" -- jot down a few thoughts here; you'll do a comprehensive evaluation of one article in the next part of this task.

You should also enter the article such that is assigned to you in the WikiEdu dashboard.

(4) Fourth, you should evaluate an article. I strongly recommend that you evaluate the article you plan to improve! After following the tutorial material on WikiEd about how to do an evaluation, you'll see that there is a corresponding exercise called "Evaluate Wikipedia" in the WikiEdu dashboard that you should complete.

If you run into any trouble, find me in the Discord well in advance of the deadline!

Wikipedia Task #3

 * Task: Compile research and write draft
 * Due Date: Friday April 12
 * Deliverables: Make contributions in Wikipedia and the class WikiEdu dashboard


 * 1) Complete online trainings for week 3
 * 2) Gather notes and links into an informal bibliography of relevant research.
 * 3) Write a draft of your article—with citations—in your Wikipedia sandbox. Aim for 2-3 paragraphs.

In order to do these, you will need to make sure you have assigned your article to yourself in the dashboard. Most of you have already done this. If you have not, you'll have to do it before you can proceed. You can do so by (a) going to the WikiEdu course homepage, (b) finding the section entitled My Articles, (c) clicking on Assign myself an article, and (d) entering the article title as shown in Wikipedia and click Assign.

Once you have selected an article to work on, the "My Articles" section will show you a number of steps and links. The two links to focus on right now are collecting your bibliography notes and editing your article in your sandbox, which correspond to the two key tasks above. You will need to:


 * 1) Add the sources that you've found to the bibliography page which will be created when you click on the "bibliography" link. These are your notes about sources. As a reminder, while academic sources are the "gold standard", match your citations with the content. If your article is about a movie star, you will likely be citing interviews that were published in magazines or on the radio. Try to vary the types of sources and select the more notable ones. Additionally, if you are having difficulty finding sources, reach out to a reference librarian. they are a great resource!
 * 2) Create a copy of the current page in your sandbox through the following steps:
 * 3) open the article sandbox and the article itself in two separate tabs
 * 4) in the article tab click Edit
 * 5) change to Source editing mode by clicking the pencil icon in the top right
 * 6) select all of the "wikimarkup" (Article content code) and copy it
 * 7) click the Create tab on the article sandbox
 * 8) paste the cloned/copied content over
 * 9) click "Publish page"
 * 10) Begin editing, drafting, and generally improving the article sandbox page!

In general, you should refer to the WikiEd Foundation's guide to editing which I've found extremely useful.

Because the nuts-and-bolts of completing this is complicated, I'm sharing a short screencast made by a prior instructor when he taught this class:


 * Screencast of Wikipedia Task #3 (Requires Canvas access)


 * Note: Rules about copyright and plagiarism still apply in your sandbox -- and your sandbox is not private. Some images (like logos) are not approved for use in the sandboxes, even though they are allowed in the main Wikipedia page! To check your sandbox for this issue, and BEFORE you copy-paste in the article, click each image in the article you're planning to improve. If the image is marked "Fair use" in the media viewer (see an example of what that looks like), you will need to delete the link from your sandbox, and make a plan to re-add it by hand when your article goes live.

Wikipedia Task #4

 * Task: Peer review other students' articles
 * Due Date: Friday April 19
 * Deliverables: Make contributions in Wikipedia and class WikiEdu dashboard

See my video with tips and some mechanics! (Requires Canvas access)


 * Select two classmates’ articles that you will peer review and copy-edit. To sign up, you can mark this in the dashboard by using the Assign a review button. Try to pick articles that other students are not yet reviewing.
 * Peer review two of your classmates’ articles and produce a written peer review. If you click on the "Peer review" link next to the assigned review article on your student page in the WikiEd dashboard, you'll see that it pops up a template that will create a sub-page on your classmate's sandbox and prompts you with a bunch of questions. If you do fill out that template, be sure to leave a message on the users talk page so that they know you created the sub-page with your peer review! Using that template will probably be useful but it's not required. What's important is that you engage in the peer review and get your classmate useful feedback. I don't care too much about how you do it.
 * Improve and copy-edit the two reviewed articles by editing them directly to help fix issues, improve sourcing, create a more neutral or encyclopedic tone, etc. Where you see an opportunity to help out, be bold!

Wikipedia Task #5

 * Task: Incorporate peer feedback
 * Due Date: Friday April 26
 * Deliverables: Make contributions in Wikipedia and the class WikiEdu dashboard


 * Respond to your peer review. Consider their suggestions and decide whether they makes your work more accurate and complete.
 * Continue improving your article. Refine your text, do more research, make sure things are well organized, think about adding images, infoboxes, and templates. If you add images be sure to complete the WikiEd material on images and media.

Wikipedia Task #6

 * Task: Make article "live."
 * Due Date: Friday May 3
 * Deliverables: Make contributions in Wikipedia
 * Polish your article, it should be ready for public consumption. There are some general suggestions on polishing in /Wikipedia task 6.
 * Move sandbox articles into the "(Article)" name space by following the instruction in this video Dr Hill recorded or in /Wikipedia task 6.

Wikipedia Task #7

 * Task: Turn in your report analyzing Wikipedia
 * Due Date: Sunday May 5
 * Deliverables:
 * Turn in report as subpage of your Wikipedia userpage and turn in the URL in Canvas.


 * Maximum length for report: 1000 words (~4 pages double spaced)

Turn your report -- an evaluative and analytical essay -- as a subpage of your userpage. For example, I would create mine with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Khascall/Report as the URL. Of course, you should replace "Khascall" with your Wikipedia username. You can also just go to your userpage by clicking on your username on Wikipedia and then adding "/Report" at the end of the URL.

When you go that page, it will say Wikipedia does not have a user page with this exact name.

You can create the new page by just clicking the "Create" tab on that page. When you're done, you can paste the URL into Canvas.

See the assessment section of this page for details on what I will be grading for.

Assessment: Wikipedia Assignment
I will use the following criteria as a rubric for assessing your work on the contributions made to Wikipedia:


 * 1) Substantial new article text shows fluency in Wikipedia norms — A student fluent in Wikipedia norms will have created a substantial article or brought an existing article at least one quality class to a higher one in the eyes of most Wikipedia members by adding new encyclopedic text, adhering to policies on tone, adding references for statements from reliable third party sources, and so on.
 * 2) Peer reviews of other student were thoughtful, critical, and constructive.
 * 3) Deadlines for tasks #1-6 were met in a way that allowed for the interactive and collaborative aspects of the class (e.g., draft was published to allow for reviews, peer reviews were made on time, article was published live on time, and so on).

Assessment: Wikipedia Analysis
In addition to finishing up your Wikipedia article, everybody should turn in a report analyzing the Wikipedia community, using your experience and the material we've covered so far to offering an assessment and advice to the Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikipedia Community on how to improve their community. I want you all to treat this as a dress rehearsal for your final projects.

Your report will be evaluated, first and foremost, on the degree to which it provides useful, informed, and actionable advice to the Wikipedia community and the Wikimedia Foundation. It will also be evaluated on the degree to which you engage with the course material. See the writing rubric for details on my expectations in terms of the content of the papers. A successful essay will do the following things:


 * 1) Provide detailed, concrete, and actionable advice to the Wikipedia community and the Wikimedia Foundation. What should Wikipedia think about doing? What should they think about changing?
 * 2) Comment directly on your experience in Wikipedia. This is not general musing: the details you include should be evidence to serve your argument.
 * 3) Connect your experience in Wikipedia explicitly to the concepts in the course material we have covered. Justify your recommendations in terms of the theories and principles we've covered. Why should your recommendations be taken more seriously than just random advice from one new user?
 * 4) If possible, reflect on what parts of the theories or concepts we covered applied or didn't. You don't have to take everything taught in the course for granted. What would you change or add based on your experience? What is unique or different about Wikipedia?

I will give everybody in the course feedback on their assignment. The basic structure is shorter, but extremely similar, to what you will be doing in the final project. As a result, you can treat this as a "mid-term" and make adjustments based on feedback.

There's no minimum word count, but I'd suggest you take advantage of the space you're given. Generally speaking, you can say more, be more insightful, demonstrate more fluency (all the things we are assessing) if you use more space.

Your audience is Wikipedians who may read your report. You don't need to define things to prove to us that you've done the reading. You should define terms if you think that an audience of Wikipedians (who have not taken the class) will be lost/confused otherwise. Use your judgement to make a compelling, well reasoned, and well supported argument.

The intro, body, conclusion format is pretty reliable and useful. But if you feel it's better or more useful to deviate from that as well, that's fine. Don't use the numbered questions as your format, but do demonstrate consideration of each point somewhere in your essay.

Make an argument for why, based on your experience in Wikipedia and what you've learned in the class, things could/should be better and how that might happen. "A description of your experience" is part of that but we're not asking for a trip report. Your experience is important, but the details you share should always be in service to the argument and suggestions you are making.

Project 2: Critical Analysis of an Online Community
For the final assignment, I want you to take what you've learned in the class and apply it to a community you have observed or participated in. This project will involve two written assignments and a presentation.

Community Identification

 * Maximum Length: 300 words (~1 page double spaced)
 * Deliverables: Turn in through Canvas
 * Due Date: Friday May 10

In this assignment, you should identify a community you are interested in — and that you hope to analyze critically in your final project. In this assignment, I am asking you to write 1-2 paragraphs explaining what community you want to study, why you care about it, and why you think it would be a rich site for reflection. If relevant or possible, it might be useful to also provide a link.

I am hoping that each of you will pick a community that you are intellectually committed to and invested in your personal or work life. You should also keep in mind that you will be presenting this publicly to the class.

You will be successful in this assignment if you identify a community and clearly explain why you think it would be a useful community to study using the concepts we have covered in the class.

I will give you feedback on these write-ups and will let you each know if I think you have identified a project that might be too ambitious, too trivial, too broad, too narrow, etc.

Optional Extra Credit: Outline or Rough Draft of Final Project

 * Due Date: Friday May 17
 * Minimum length: 500 words (preliminary text) or 1 page (outline)
 * Maximum extra credit: 10 points

If you want extra credit, don't wait until the last minute to do your final project. Turning in an early draft or an outline of what you plan to do will get you a small amount of instructor feedback (7 day turnaround maximum, but probably much faster) and extra credit. Your project and grade will likely be even better if you respond to the feedback you get -- but it's up to you if you want to aim for this.

Final Projects: Critical Analysis of Online Community

 * Final (Virtual) Presentation Date: May 21
 * Virtual Critique Date: May 24
 * Paper Due Date: Jun 3 @ 11:59pm
 * Maximum paper length: 2,500 words
 * Deliverables:
 * Details on final presentations including due dates, instructions, and dropboxes are on /Final presentations
 * Turn in copy of paper in Canvas

For your final project, I expect students to build on the community identification assignment to describe what they have done and what they have found. I'll expect every student to give both:


 * A final presentation (see instructions on /Final presentations)
 * A final report that is not more than 2,500 words.

Each project should include: (a) the description of the community you have identified (you are welcome to borrow from your Community Identification assignment), (b) a description of how you would use the course concepts to change and improve the community.

You will be evaluated on the degree to which you have demonstrated that you understand and have engaged with the course material and not on specifics of your community. I want you to reflect on what parts of theory we covered apply or do not. What does the community do right according to what you've learned? What might it do differently in the future based on what you've read? What did the course and readings not teach that they should have?

Your audience is people who are interested in the community as well as the general public. A successful project will tell a compelling story and will engage with, and improve upon, the course material to teach all of us -- that is, an audience that includes me, your classmates, and students taking this class in future years, how to take advantage of online communities more effectively. The very best papers will give us all a new understanding of some aspect of course material and change the way I teach some portion of this course in the future.

Grading
I will follow the very detailed grading rubric described on my assessment page. Please read it carefully. I will assign grades for each of the following items on the UW 4.0 grade scale according to the weights below:


 * Case preparation and discussion: 35%
 * Wikipedia assignments: 15%
 * Wikipedia reflection essay: 5%
 * Community identification: 5%
 * Final Presentation: 10%
 * Final Paper: 30%

March 26 (Tuesday): Introduction to the Course and to Online Communities
Goals for the day:


 * Collect some basic information from you all
 * Provide an introduction and some context for the course (and hopefully get you excited about the rest of the quarter)
 * Review the course objectives and requirements
 * Answer your questions about the class
 * Work through any issues with the setup checklist (if time)

Resources:


 * Class recording (partial) Part 1/2
 * Class recording Part 2/2
 * Class slides

Optional Readings:
 * Bruckman, Amy. 2006. A new perspective on ‘community’ and its implications for computer-mediated communication systems. In Extended Abstracts of the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 616-621.

March 27 (Wednesday): DUE: Class Checklist
Required Task: Complete the class setup checklist. This will likely take most of you 30-90 minutes so please plan in advance.

As with most other assignments, you must complete this task by 11:59pm Seattle time.

March 28 (Thursday): Motivation (Part I), Yelp
Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Class Preview ← Start Here
 * Motivation and Incentives 1 (Part 1/3): Introduction and Framing [13m38s]
 * Motivation and Incentives 1 (Part 2/3): Motivating Participation through Asking [9m54s]
 * Motivation and Incentives 1 (Part 3/3): Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators [20m53s]

Resources:


 * Reading Note #1 (Requires Canvas access) ← looking for the prep questions that will be used for the cold call? They're in here!
 * Class Preview Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Motivation Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Session Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Case Boards (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Video Recording (Requires Canvas access)

Required Reading: (read before class)


 * BSOC, Chapter 2, pg 21-40 (Sections 1-3)
 * [Case] Modi, Maulik. 2019. “Yelp — What Happened!!” Medium. December 1, 2019. https://medium.com/@maulikmmodi94/yelp-what-happened-62c325f13235.
 * [Case] Parikh, Anish A., Carl Behnke, Doug Nelson, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, and Barbara Almanza. 2015. “A Qualitative Assessment of Yelp.Com Users’ Motivations to Submit and Read Restaurant Reviews.” Journal of Culinary Science & Technology 13 (1): 1–18. LINK
 * [Case] Stone, Madeline. 2014. “Elite Yelpers Hold Immense Power, and They Get Treated like Kings by Bars and Restaurants Trying to Curry Favor.” Business Insider. August 22, 2014. https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-become-yelp-elite-2014-8.
 * [Case] Ha, Anthony. 2017. “Yelp Launches New Feature for Asking and Answering Questions about Any Business.” TechCrunch (blog). February 14, 2017. https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/14/yelp-q-and-a/.
 * [Case] "Algorithms and Invisibility: My Interview with Kandis" Safiya Umoja Noble, from her book Algorithms of Oppression p. 172-179 (example of Yelp interacting with a small business) UW Library Ebook

Optional Reading:


 * BSOC, Chapter 1, pg 1-17

March 29 (Friday): Wikipedia Task #1 DUE
Details are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

If you're feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, or confused, | take a look at this document from a discussion I had with students about succeeding in this course.

April 2 (Tuesday): Motivation (Part II), Twitch
Lectures: (watch before class)
 * Class Preview ← Start Here
 * Motivation and Incentives (Part II) 1/3): Gaming the system [17m51s]
 * Motivation and Incentives (Part II) 2/3): Motivation crowding and group dynamics [15m09s]
 * Motivation and Incentives (Part II) 3/3): Takeaways [5m02s]
 * [Case] Twitch co-founder Emmett Shear (Alternate no-ad link....but it's not working for me: ) [14m46s]

Resources:


 * Reading Note #2 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Preview Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Video Recording (Requires Canvas access)
 * Case Boards (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * BSOC, Chapter 2, pg 41-70 (Sections 4-7)

For the case, we're going to talk about Twitch:


 * [Case] Clark, Taylor. 2017. “How to Get Rich Playing Video Games Online.” New Yorker, November 13, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/how-to-get-rich-playing-video-games-online.
 * [Case] Hernandez, Patricia. 2018. “The Twitch Streamers Who Spend Years Broadcasting to No One.” The Verge. July 16, 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/16/17569520/twitch-streamers-zero-viewers-motivation-community.
 * [Case] “The Differences Between Twitch Partner and Affiliate Programs.” 2019. GameOnAire (blog). April 5, 2019. https://gameonaire.com/differences-between-partner-affiliate-twitch/.
 * [Case] “Achievements.” n.d. Twitch. Accessed January 7, 2020. https://help.twitch.tv/s/article/achievements?language=en_US.
 * [Case] Grayson, Nathan. 2018. “Twitch Partners Feeling Burned After Affiliates Receive Features That Took Them Years To Earn.” Kotaku. June 14, 2018. https://kotaku.com/twitch-partners-feeling-burned-after-affiliates-receive-1826810027.
 * [Case] AI Sponge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_sponge
 * [Case] Neuro-sama https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-sama

Optional Readings:
 * Kerr, Steven. 1975. "On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B", The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 769-783 (15 pages)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_the_system
 * Greezy, Uri, and Rustichini, Aldo. (2000) "A Fine is a Price" The Journal of Legal Studies. Vol. 29, No. 1 (January 2000), pp. 1-17 (18 pages)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation_crowding_theory
 * Willer, Robb (2009) "Groups Reward Individual Sacrifice: The Status Solution to the Collective Action Problem" American Sociological Review Volume 74, Issue 1

April 4 (Thursday): Commitment I, Reddit
Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Class Preview
 * Commitment Part 1 (1/3): Introduction and Identity [18m06s]
 * Commitment Part 1 (2/3): Bonds [11m20s]
 * Commitment Part 1 (3/3): Normative and needs-based [19m01s]
 * Content warning: Video discusses racial/ethnic hatred Erin Marie Saltman about extremist communities online [11m30s]

Resources:


 * Reading Note #3 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Preview Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * In-Class Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Case Boards (Requires Canvas access)

No Class Video Recording -- sorry!

In this case, we're going to be looking at five different "subreddit" communities within Reddit. In some of these cases, there is an enormous amount of material on the pages and subpages. Poke around for 10 minutes or so (please don't feel obligated to look longer than that, and don't read materials you find upsetting!) until you get a sense for who is participating and how and why people build commitment to the site such that you will be comfortable answering the questions in the reading note. Please do not post on the sites or disrupt them in any way. We're guests in their communities and you only need to look:


 * [Case] /r/aww — "Things that make you go AWW! -- like puppies, bunnies, babies, and so on..."
 * [Case] /r/udub — "the unofficial subreddit of the University of Washington"
 * [Case] /r/SeattleWA — "the active Reddit community for Seattle, Washington and the Puget Sound area"
 * [Case] /r/AmITheAsshole aka /r/AITA — "a catharsis for the frustrated moral philosopher in all of us"
 * [Case] r/AskVet/ -- "A place where you can ask veterinary medicine related questions and get advice from veterinary professionals."

April 5 (Friday): Wikipedia Task #2 DUE
Details on the assignment are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

April 9 (Tuesday): Commitment II, Twitter/X, Mastodon, and Bluesky
Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Commitment 2 (Part 1/3): Group Size [24m24s]
 * Commitment 2 (Part 2/3): Lock-in and more on need-based [17m40s]
 * Commitment 2 (Part 3/3): Trade-offs between engagement and commitment [7m41s]
 * Class Preview -- Watch AFTER video lectures [12m12s]

Resources:


 * Reading Note #4 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Preview Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Case Boards (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Video Recording (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * BSOC, Chapter 3, pg 77-112 (Sections 1 - 3)
 * [Case] Romano, Aja. 2018. “How Facebook Made It Impossible to Delete Facebook.” Vox. March 22, 2018.
 * [Case] Feiner, Lauren. 2021. "Facebook Expands the Types of Data Users Can Transfer to Other Services." CNBC. April 19, 2021.
 * [Case] Choudary, Sangeet Paul. 2014. “Reverse Network Effects: Why Today’s Social Networks Can Fail as They Grow Larger.” Wired, March 13, 2014.
 * [Case] Peters, Jay. 2022. "Twitter is blocking links to Mastodon" The Verge. December 15, 2022.
 * [Case] Ingram, David. 2024 "Fewer people using Elon Musk's X as it struggles to keep users" MSNBC March 22, 2024.

Optional Readings:


 * BSOC, Chapter 3, pg 112-115 (Section 4)
 * [Case] Ravenscraft, Eric. 2020. "How to Spot--and Avoid--Dark Patterns on the Web" Wired. July 29, 2020.
 * Comparison of Bluesky, Threads and Mastodon
 * Exit, Voice, and Loyalty -- Wikipedia article about the book by Albert O Hirschman

April 11 (Thursday): Norms and Regulation I, Codes of Conduct and Toxicity
Lectures: (watch before class)

Please note that Dr. Hill discusses norms in the context of software projects quite a bit -- but our case will mostly focus our attention to two environments we've visited before, Yelp and Reddit. If you're interested in the software case, the materials are in the optional section.


 * Norms and Regulation I (Part 1/4): Introduction [8m17s]
 * Norms and Regulation I (Part 2/4): What should norms include? [9m11s]
 * Norms and Regulation I (Part 3/4): Descriptive norms [18m54s]
 * Norms and Regulation I (Part 4/4): Injunctive norms [12m32s]

Resources:


 * Reading Note #5 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * BSOC, Chapter 4, pg 125-140 (Sections 1-3)
 * Sohyeon Hwang and Aaron Shaw (2022) "Rules and rule-making in the five largest wikipedias" Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM) Link
 * Courtney Miller, Sophie Cohen, Bogdan Vasilescu, Christian Kästner. 2022. “Did You Miss My Comment or What?” Understanding Toxicity in Open Source Discussions. In 44th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE ’22), May 21–29, 2022, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. Downloadable Article
 * [Case] The posted rules widget for the 5 subreddits we examined, located in a box on the right side of the subreddit page.
 * /r/aww
 * /r/udub
 * /r/SeattleWA
 * /r/AmITheAsshole aka /r/AITA
 * r/AskVet
 * [Case] Yelp's guidelines -- hit 'expand all' to see the full list

Optional Readings:
 * Code of Hammurabi

If you'd like to read about the /r/NoSleep example:
 * Charles Kiene, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. Surviving an "Eternal September": How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1152–1156. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858356

If you'd like to learn more about codes of conduct in free software communities, check out:


 * [Case] Tourani, Parastou, Bram Adams, and Alexander Serebrenik. 2017. “Code of Conduct in Open Source Projects.” In 2017 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER.2017.7884606.

If you'd like to look at primary sources:


 * [Case] Ruby Code of Conduct (For context, you can read more about Ruby on the Ruby Wikipedia article if you are curious.)
 * [Case] Ubuntu Code of Conduct (For context, you can read more about Ubuntu on the Ubuntu Wikipedia article if you are curious.)
 * [Case] GNOME Code of Conduct. The code also references and, in a sense, includes the following sub-pages:
 * Procedure for reporting Code of Conduct incidents
 * GNOME Code of Conduct moderator procedures (less important but worth skimming)
 * GNOME Code of Conduct committee procedures (less important but worth skimming)

April 12 (Friday): DUE: Wikipedia Task #3
Details on the assignment are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

April 16 (Tuesday): Norms and Regulation (Part II), Trolls and Spammers and N00bs Oh My
Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Norms and Regulation Part 2, 1/3 -- Threats [20m07s]
 * Norms and Regulation Part 2, 2/3 -- Responses [22m05s]
 * Norms and Regulation Part 2, 3/3 -- Collateral Damage [6m41s]
 * Leeroy Jenkins — Extra video mentioned in lecture (Youtube)

Resources:


 * Reading Note #6 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * BSOC, Chapter 4, pg 140-170 (Sections 4-5)
 * [Case Part 1] Trolls in Gaming.
 * Blizzard Vows Tougher Policies to Punish Overwatch Trolls. (2017) Kyle Orland. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/08/blizzard-vows-tougher-policies-to-punish-overwatch-trolls/
 * Overwatch PS4 troll attempts to extort money from teammates, raising questions about Blizzard’s report system (2017) Gaetano Prestia. Fenix Bazaar. https://fenixbazaar.com/2017/03/30/overwatch-ps4-troll-attempts-to-extort-money-from-teammates-raising-questions-about-blizzards-report-system/
 * Overwatch Trolls Using Bug That Could Damage Players Hardware. (2021) Olivia Richman. Win.gg. https://win.gg/news/overwatch-trolls-using-bug-that-could-damage-players-hardware/
 * [Case Part 2] Spam in Wikipedia
 * Wikipedia Policy about Spam: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam
 * North Face Edited Wikipedia's Photos. Wikipedia Wasn't Happy. (2019) Sarah Mervosh. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/business/north-face-wikipedia-leo-burnett.html (also included in lecture video)
 * [Case Part 3] Confused newcomers
 * It's September, Forever (2015) Jason Koebler. Vice.com. https://www.vice.com/en/article/nze8nb/its-september-forever
 * Kiene, Charles, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. “Surviving an ‘Eternal September’: How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers.” In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’16), 1152–1156. New York, NY: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858356. [Available through UW libraries]

Optional Readings:
 * Lampe, Cliff, and Paul Resnick. 2004. “Slash(Dot) and Burn: Distributed Moderation in a Large Online Conversation Space.” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 543–550. CHI ’04. New York, NY: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985761.
 * Know Your Meme, 2014, Rules of the Internet

April 18 (Thursday): Newcomers I, Zooniverse
Lectures: (watch before class)

Resources:
 * Newcomers Part 1 (1/3): Introduction [11m53s]
 * Newcomers Part 1 (2/3): Recruitment [15m09s]
 * Newcomers Part 1 (3/3): Selection [14m23s]


 * Reading Note #7 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:

We're going to look at the citizen science community Zooniverse:
 * BSOC, Chapter 5, pg 179-205 (Sections 1-2)
 * [Case] Visit Zooniverse and create an account. Then visit the Zooniverse project website and pick a project that interests you. Spend 10-15 minutes on the site figure out how it works and make sure you both do a few tasks and look at the "Talk" or discussion and commenting features of each site.
 * [Case] Mugar, Gabriel, Carsten Østerlund, Katie DeVries Hassman, Kevin Crowston, and Corey Brian Jackson. 2014. “Planet Hunters and Seafloor Explorers: Legitimate Peripheral Participation through Practice Proxies in Online Citizen Science.” In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 109–119. CSCW ’14. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531721.

Optional Readings:


 * Huang, Shih-Wen, Minhyang (Mia) Suh, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Gary Hsieh. 2015. “How Activists Are Both Born and Made: An Analysis of Users on Change.Org.” In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’15), 211–220. New York, New York: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702559. [through UW libraries]
 * Shaw, Aaron, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2014. “Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.” Journal of Communication 64 (2): 215–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12082. [Available through UW libraries]

April 19 (Friday): DUE: Wikipedia Task #4
Details on the assignment are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

April 23 (Tuesday): Newcomers II, Explosive Growth and Going Viral. Case: Reddit and Twitter
Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Newcomers II (Part 1/3): Protection and socialization [16m27s]
 * Newcomers II (Part 2/3): Retaining new users [14m00s]
 * Newcomers II (Part 3/3): Concluding thoughts [14m02s]
 * [Case] Kevin Allocca from YouTube Why videos go viral, TedYouth2011.
 * Growth and Explosive Growth [9m09s]

Resources:


 * Reading Note #8 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Newcomers II Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Growth Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * BSOC, Chapter 5, pg 205-223 (Sections 3-6)
 * Baker-White, Emily (2022) TikTok's Secret 'Heating' Button Can Make Anyone Go Viral
 * [Case] Lin, Zhiyuan, Niloufar Salehi, Bowen Yao, Yiqi Chen, and Michael S. Bernstein. 2017. “Better When It Was Smaller? Community Content and Behavior After Massive Growth.” In Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Palo, Alto, CA: AAAI Press. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM17/paper/view/15628. [Available through UW libraries] Be sure to read the 10-page PDF, not just the abstract
 * [Case] “This Is Damn Slick!” Estimating the Impact of Tweets on Open Source Project Popularity and New Contributors. Fang, H., Lamba, H., Herbsleb, J., and Vasilescu, B. International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE, ACM (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510121 [Available through UW libraries]

Optional Readings:
 * Nathan TeBlunthuis, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2018. Revisiting "The Rise and Decline" in a Population of Peer Production Projects. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 355, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173929

April 25 (Thursday): Anonymity and Identity Online

 * Anonymity in Communication Studies: Overview and History [13m]
 * Anonymity and Facets of Identifiability [10m30s]
 * What's anonymity worth? [7m20s] Conference talk from Kaylea Champion (MozFest 2022)
 * TED Talk: Christopher Poole describing 4chan [11m8s]
 * TED Talk: Jamie Bartlett and the Dark Web [13m48s]

Resources:
 * Reading Note #9 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides Part 1 and Lecture Slides Part 2 (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * Andrea Forte, Nazanin Andalibi, and Rachel Greenstadt. 2017. Privacy, Anonymity, and Perceived Risk in Open Collaboration: A Study of Tor Users and Wikipedians. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1800–1811. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998273

Optional Readings and Lectures:


 * Hill, B. M., & Shaw, A. (2021). The Hidden Costs of Requiring Accounts: Quasi-Experimental Evidence From Peer Production. Communication Research, 48(6), 771–795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220910345
 * Anonymous, To Reveal or Not to Reveal: A Theoretical Model of Anonymous Communication, Communication Theory, Volume 8, Issue 4, 1 November 1998, Pages 381–407, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1998.tb00226.x
 * TED Talk: Will Cathcart and Whatsapp [18m44s]

April 26 (Friday): DUE: Wikipedia Task #5
Details on the assignment are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

May 3 (Friday): DUE: Wikipedia Task #6
Details are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

May 5 (Sunday): DUE: Wikipedia Task #7
Details are on the section of this page describing the assignment.

May 9 (Thursday) Hacker and Modding Communities
<!--

Resources:


 * Reading Note #13 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)
 * Case Boards (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Video Recording Part 1 Part 2 (Requires Canvas access)

Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Hackers (Part 1/3): Introduction [23m27s]
 * Hackers (Part 2/3): CHDK Part 1 [17m47s]
 * Hackers (Part 3/3): CHDK Part 2 [12m31s]

Required Readings:


 * [Case] CHDK description in Wikipedia
 * [Case] Wayner, Peter. 2010. “Tweaking a Camera to Suit a Hobby.” The New York Times, May 26, 2010, sec. Technology / Personal Tech. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/27/technology/personaltech/27basics.html.
 * [Case] C.H.D.K. Wiki Take a look at the CHDK home page and explore the Wiki to get a good idea of what this community is about, what they do, and how it works.
 * [Case] Nexus Mods Wikipedia Page
 * [Case] Nexus Mods. Take a look at the home page of Nexus Mods and get a sense of what this community is about.
 * [Case] Analysis of Nexus Mods -- Lee, D., Lin, D., Bezemer, CP. et al. Building the perfect game – an empirical study of game modifications. Empir Software Eng 25, 2485–2518 (2020). Free download

Optional Readings:


 * Rosenbaum, Ron. 1971. “Secrets of the Little Blue Box.” Esquire Magazine, October, 116. https://classic.esquire.com/article/1971/10/1/secrets-of-the-blue-box.
 * Mollick, Ethan. “Tapping into the Underground.” MIT Sloan Management Review 46, no. 4 (2005): 21. [Available through UW Libraries]
 * Mollick, Ethan. “The Engine of the Underground: The Elite-Kiddie Divide.” SIGGROUP Bull. 25, no. 2 (2005): 23–27. [Available through UW Libraries]
 * Scacchi, Walt. “Computer Game Mods, Modders, Modding, and the Mod Scene.” First Monday 15, no. 5 (2010). free download

-->

May 10 (Friday): DUE: Community Identification
Details are on the section of this page.

May 28 (Tuesday): Time, Emerging Technology, and Futurism
<!--

March 7 (Tuesday): Spend Time Watching and Giving Feedback on Presentations
Resources:


 * Presentation Slides Dropbox in Canvas — Slides are optional but recommended and are due by 1:30pm before class. If you turn in your slides after 1:30pm, I will not have time to put them into the line-up for class.

Resources:


 * Details on the final presentation sessions including due dates/times, instructions, and so on.
 * The poster content should be an overview and preview of your final project. Details on the expectations for the final project are on the relevant section of this syllabus.

No readings. The final classes will be devoted entirely to presentations.

March 9 (Thursday): No Class Meeting: Spend Time Watching and Giving Feedback on Presentations
Resources:
 * Presentation Slides Dropbox in Canvas — Slides are optional but recommended and are due by 1:30pm before class. If you turn in your slides after 1:30pm, I will not have time to put them into the line-up for class.

Resources:


 * Details on the final presentation sessions including due dates/times, instructions, and so on.
 * The poster content should be an overview and preview of your final project. Details on the expectations for the final project are on the relevant section of this syllabus.

No readings. The final classes will be devoted entirely to presentations.

March 16 (Thursday): DUE: Final Projects
Details are on the section of this page.

<!--

Innovation Communities
Lectures: (watch before class)


 * [Innovation Communities (Part 1/4): Introduction] [15m14s]
 * [Innovation Communities (Part 2/4): User Innovation Examples] [23m04s]
 * [Innovation Communities (Part 3/4): Introduction] [15m12s]
 * [Innovation Communities (Part 4/4): Introduction] [16m09s]

Resources:


 * [Week 7 Reading Note] (Requires Canvas access)
 * [Lecture Slides] (Requires Canvas access)
 * [Case Boards] (Requires Canvas access)
 * [Class/Case Screencast] (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:


 * von Hippel, E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Read Chapters 1, 2 & 5.
 * [Case] Allio, Robert J. 2004. “CEO Interview: The InnoCentive Model of Open Innovation.” Strategy & Leadership 32 (4): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570410547643.
 * [Case] Spend some time poking around the Innocentive website, in particular, read the:
 * Innocentive Seeker FAQs
 * Innocentive Solver FAQ — A number of the questions toward the top are the same as the FAQ above so you can skip those!

Understanding Online Community Founders
Guest Lectures:


 * Prof. Jeremy D. Foote (Purdue University)

Resources:


 * Week 10 Reading Note (Requires UW Access)

Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Understanding Online Community Founders (Part 1/3): Introduction [6m37s]
 * Understanding Online Community Founders (Part 2/3): Introduction [23m38s]
 * Understanding Online Community Founders (Part 3/3): Introduction [10m17s]

Required Readings


 * [Case] Kraut, R. E., & Fiore, A. T. (2014). The Role of Founders in Building Online Groups. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 722–732.
 * [Case] Foote, J., Gergle, D., & Shaw, A. (2017). Starting online communities: Motivations and goals of wiki founders. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’17), 6376–6380..
 * [Case] Foote, J., & Contractor, N. (2018). The behavior and network position of peer production founders. In G. Chowdhury, J. McLeod, V. Gillet, & P. Willett (Eds.), iConference 2018: Transforming Digital Worlds (pp. 99–106). Springer..

Instant Messaging, Group Chat, and Synchronous Communication
Guest Lecturers:


 * Pranav Malhotra
 * Charles Kiene

Resources:


 * Week 9-1 Reading Note (Requires Canvas access)
 * [ Lecture Slides] (Requires Canvas access)
 * [ Class Video Recording] (Requires Canvas access)
 * [ Case Boards] (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:
 * Nardi, Bonnie A., Steve Whittaker, and Erin Bradner. 2000. “Interaction and Outeraction: Instant Messaging in Action.” In Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 79–88. New York, NY: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.358975.
 * Ling, Rich, and Chih-Hui Lai. 2016. “Microcoordination 2.0: Social Coordination in the Age of Smartphones and Messaging Apps.” Journal of Communication 66 (5): 834–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12251.
 * [Case] Scratch Online Community
 * Spend at least 5-10 minutes poking around the Scratch website. Watch the video, click on several projects, try to create a project, create an account if you want, and so on.
 * Try to acquaint yourself with the Scratch community by exploring the [Scratch Wiki] (a project to document Scratch created by users of the community). In particular, check out the pages on Scratch Community, the Page, Scratch Website General page.
 * [Case] Dasgupta, Sayamindu. 2013. “From Surveys to Collaborative Art: Enabling Children to Program with Online Data.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, 28–35. IDC ’13. New York, NY: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2485760.2485784.

Optional Readings:


 * [Case] Jiang, Jialun Aaron, Charles Kiene, Skyler Middler, Jed R. Brubaker, and Casey Fiesler. 2019. “Moderation Challenges in Voice-Based Online Communities on Discord.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 (CSCW): 55:1–55:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359157.
 * Kiene, Charles, Jialun “Aaron” Jiang, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2019. “Technological Frames and User Innovation: Exploring Technological Change in Community Moderation Teams.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 (CSCW): 44:1–44:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359146.

Creative Collaboration
Required Readings:


 * Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. Penguin Press HC, 2008. (Introduction) [Free Online]
 * [Case] Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. “The Remixing Dilemma The Trade-Off Between Generativity and Originality.” American Behavioral Scientist 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 643–663. [Available through UW Libraries] [Free Preprint]
 * [Case] Buechley, Leah, and Benjamin Mako Hill. Lilly Pad in the Wild: How Hardwareʼs Long Tail is Supporting New Engineering and Design Communities, DIS 2010. [Free Preprint]
 * [Case] Examples of Lilypad Projects (Youtube Video)

Optional Readings:


 * Sinnreich, Aram. Mashed Up: Music, Technology, and the Rise of Configurable Culture. University of Massachusetts Press, 2010. (Excerpts) [Forthcoming in Canvas]
 * Vaidhyanathan, Siva. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity. New York: New York University Press, 2001. [Available from Instructor]

Required Readings:


 * Bulletin board system article on Wikipedia.
 * [Case] Hafner, K. (1997). The epic saga of the WELL.
 * [Case] Turner, F. (2005). Where the counterculture met the new economy: The WELL and the origins of virtual community.

Optional Readings:

This link is missing
 * Hauben, Michael, Ronda Hauben, and Thomas Truscott. (1997) Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet. Los Alamitos, Calif: Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. [Chapter 2 and Chapter 3]

Optional Video:


 * Stanford 2011 symposium: From Counterculture to Cyberculture: the Legacy of the Whole Earth Catalog

Free Software/Open Source
Resources:


 * Week 8 Reading Note (Requires Canvas access)
 * Lecture Slides (Requires Canvas access)

Required Readings:
 * Fogel, K. (2009). Producing Open Source Software. Introduction - includes "History" & "The Situation Today." You'll need to press "next" to turn the page once.
 * [Case] Stallman, R. (1984). The GNU manifesto.
 * [Case] Stallman, R. (1989). The GNU general public license, version 1.
 * Debian (1997). Debian social contract, version 1.0.
 * [Case] Raymond, E. S. (2001). The Cathedral & the Bazaar. (The web-based version of this essay is split over many pages. Just keep clicking next until you get to the end.)

Civic Communities

 * Castells, M. (2007). Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society. International Journal of Communication, 1(1), 29. [Freely Available Online]
 * Monroy-Hernández, A., boyd, danah, Kiciman, E., De Choudhury, M., & Counts, S. (2013). The New War Correspondents: The Rise of Civic Media Curation in Urban Warfare. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 1443–1452). New York, NY, USA: ACM. [Official Link (Available through UW Libraries] [Freely Available Online]
 * Hu, Y., Farnham, S. D., & Monroy-Hernández, A. (2013). Whoo.Ly: Facilitating Information Seeking for Hyperlocal Communities Using Social Media. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3481–3490). New York, NY, USA: ACM. [Official Link (Available through UW Libraries] [Freely Available Online

Learning Communities
Guest Lecture from Sayamindu Dasgupta who is a professor at the Information School at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

TODO: Add readings (Maybe something about communities of practice?)

Required Readings:


 * Roque, R.; Dasgupta, S.; Costanza-Chock, S. Children’s Civic Engagement in the Scratch Online Community. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5, 55. Open Access
 * Brennan, K., Monroy‐Hernández, A., & Resnick, M. (2010). Making projects, making friends: Online community as catalyst for interactive media creation. New directions for youth development, 2010(128), 75-83. PDF From MIT.edu
 * [Case] https://scratch.mit.edu: Visit the site. Read the about page, the the information for parents, and for educators. Watch all the videos. Spend some time exploring and run some programs (try to find at least one animation and at least one game).
 * [Case] https://www.blockstud.io/: For the case we're going to compare scratch to a different: Block Studio. This is an experimental project by Raoul, a PhD student at UW. Click start and watch the three lessons. You don't have to actually make any games with Block Studio, but do learn how it works as much as you can.  After that survey the published projects.

Social Computing
We have a special guest this week: Andrés Monroy-Hernandez! Andrés was previously at Microsoft Research and is currently a lead research scientist at Snap Inc., the maker of Snapchat. Andrés has research interests ranging from civic communities to educational communities and more recently he is focusing on "social computing systems," which we will learn about today.

Required Readings:
 * Howe, J. (2006). The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, 14(6), 1–4.
 * [Case] Amazon Mechanical Turk Requester UI Guide
 * [Case] Amazon Mechanical Turk Best Practices Guide.

Optional Readings:

Our guest speaker will be talking about these three papers. It might be good to look these over before class:


 * Justin Cranshaw, Emad Elwany, Todd Newman, Rafal Kocielnik, Bowen Yu, Sandeep Soni, Jaime Teevan, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2017. Calendar.help: Designing a Workflow-Based Scheduling Agent with Humans in the Loop. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2382-2393. (Open Access)
 * Cranshaw, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., & Needham, S. A. (2016). Journeys & Notes: Designing Social Computing for Non-Places. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4722–4733). New York, NY, USA: ACM. [Available through UW libraries]
 * Agapie, E., & Monroy-Hernández, A. (2015). Eventful: Crowdsourcing Local News Reporting. arXiv:1507.01300 [Cs].

Guest Lecturers:


 * Sohyeon Hwang (Northwestern University)
 * Prof. Jeremy D. Foote (Purdue University)

Resources:


 * Reading Note #7 (Requires Canvas access)
 * Case Boards (Requires Canvas access)
 * Class Video Recording (Requires Canvas access)

Lectures: (watch before class)


 * Why do people join small online communities? [9m53s]
 * Understanding Online Community Founders (Part 1/3): Introduction [6m37s] (On YouTube)
 * Understanding Online Community Founders (Part 2/3): Introduction [23m38s] (On YouTube)
 * Understanding Online Community Founders (Part 3/3): Introduction [10m17s] (On YouTube)

Required Readings


 * [Case] Hwang, Sohyeon, and Jeremy D. Foote. 2021. “Why Do People Participate in Small Online Communities?” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 (CSCW2): 462:1-462:25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479606.
 * [Case] Foote, Jeremy, Darren Gergle, and Aaron Shaw. 2017. “Starting Online Communities: Motivations and Goals of Wiki Founders.” In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’17), 6376–80. New York, NY: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025639..

Optional Readings:


 * Kraut, Robert E., and Andrew T. Fiore. 2014. “The Role of Founders in Building Online Groups.” In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 722–32. CSCW ’14. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531648.
 * Foote, Jeremy D., & Contractor, Noshir. (2018). The behavior and network position of peer production founders. In G. Chowdhury, J. McLeod, V. Gillet, & P. Willett (Eds.), iConference 2018: Transforming Digital Worlds (pp. 99–106). Springer..

-->

Teaching and learning after COVID
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on all of us. Many of you may have gone to college expecting the classic face-to-face experience with a mix of classes and fun with new friends, only to find yourself in lockdown and online classes. We may have lost people we care about. We may be struggling to recover our own mental and physical health. For many of us life is still not back to "normal" and instead we are developing a sense of a "new normal".

Many of us have experienced elevated levels of exhaustion, stress, uncertainty and distraction. We may have needed to provide additional support to others. I have personally experienced all of these things at various times over the past two years and I expect that some of you have too. We may find that our personal energy and emotional resilience is lower than it used to be. It has been and still is a difficult time.

I believe it is important to acknowledge these realities of the situation and create the space to discuss and process them in the context of our class throughout the quarter. As your instructor and colleague, I commit to do my best to approach the course in an adaptive, generous, and empathetic way. I ask that you try to extend a similar attitude towards everyone in the course. When you have questions, feedback, or concerns, please try to share them in an appropriate way. If you require accommodations of any kind at any time, please contact me.

Your Presence in Class
As detailed in section on case studies and in my detailed page on assessment, your homework in the class is to prepare for cases and case discussion is an important way that I will assess learning. Obviously, you must be in class in order to participate. If you need to miss class for any reason, please fill out the course absence form so that we know you are not coming and do not include you in our cold call list. In the event of an absence, you are responsible for obtaining class notes, handouts, assignments, etc.

There are many students who have eagerly requested to join the class, but there are not enough seats. I want to include as many students in the class as possible, we will automatically drop anyone who misses the first two class sessions and try to replace them with unenrolled students who do attend. This is consistent with college policy and with the course description in the catalog.

Devices in Class
I ask you to stay focused and avoid distractions for yourself and your peers in the classroom. Spending class time gaming and shopping is a waste of your precious dollars and your precious minutes here --- live, face-to-face opportunities to learn are getting harder to find and they mean so much when we engage with them. That said, you are an adult, and I myself cannot imagine taking a class without being able to take notes on a device and look up topics as they come up. Learning to be present and to control our attention is part of being a modern adult. I promise not to spend class time goofing off online and I think you owe it to yourself to promise the same.

Office Hours
The best way to get in touch with me about issues in class will in the Discord server via asychronous messages sent to one of the text channels. This is preferable because any questions you have can be answered in a way that is visible to others in the class.

My available hours are visible in this calendar scheduling site. If my planned availability does not work for you, please contact me in the Discord server or over email to arrange a meeting at another time.

Religious Accommodations
Washington state law requires that UW develop a policy for accommodation of student absences or significant hardship due to reasons of faith or conscience, or for organized religious activities. The UW’s policy, including more information about how to request an accommodation, is available at Religious Accommodations Policy. Accommodations must be requested within the first two weeks of this course using the Religious Accommodations Request form.

Student Conduct
The University of Washington Student Conduct Code (WAC 478-121) defines prohibited academic and behavioral conduct and describes how the University holds students accountable as they pursue their academic goals. Allegations of misconduct by students may be referred to the appropriate campus office for investigation and resolution. More information can be found online at https://www.washington.edu/studentconduct/ Safety

Call SafeCampus at 206-685-7233 anytime–no matter where you work or study–to anonymously discuss safety and well-being concerns for yourself or others. SafeCampus’s team of caring professionals will provide individualized support, while discussing short- and long-term solutions and connecting you with additional resources when requested.

Use of AI Tools
Unless otherwise noted, work submitted for this course must be your own. Unless otherwise specified, any use of generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT, when working on assignments is forbidden. The use of generative AI outside of specified tasks will be considered academic misconduct and subject to investigation.

The assignments in this class have been designed to challenge you to develop creativity, critical-thinking, and problem-solving skills. Using AI technology will limit your capacity to develop these skills and to meet the learning goals of this course.

If you have any questions about what constitutes academic integrity in this course or at the University of Washington, please feel free to contact me to discuss your concerns.

Please note that I do not consider grammar/spellchecking to be a prohibited use of AI.

Adapted from: UW sample syllabus statements.

Academic Dishonesty
This includes: cheating on assignments, plagiarizing (misrepresenting work by another author as your own, paraphrasing or quoting sources without acknowledging the original author, or using information from the internet without proper citation), and submitting the same or similar paper to meet the requirements of more than one course without instructor approval. Academic dishonesty in any part of this course is grounds for failure and further disciplinary action. The first incident of plagiarism will result in the student’s receiving a zero on the plagiarized assignment. The second incident of plagiarism will result in the student’s receiving a zero in the class.

Disability Resources
If you have already established accommodations with Disability Resources for Students (DRS), please communicate your approved accommodations through their processes at your earliest convenience so we can discuss your needs in this course.

If you have not yet established services through DRS, but have a temporary health condition or permanent disability that requires accommodations (conditions include but not limited to; mental health, attention-related, learning, vision, hearing, physical or health impacts), you are welcome to contact DRS at 206-543-8924 or uwdrs@uw.edu or disability.uw.edu. DRS offers resources and coordinates reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities and/or temporary health conditions. Reasonable accommodations are established through an interactive process between you, your instructor(s) and DRS. It is the policy and practice of the University of Washington to create inclusive and accessible learning environments consistent with federal and state law.

Mental Health
Your mental health is important. If you are feeling distressed, anxious, depressed, or in any way struggling with your emotional and psychological wellness, please know that you are not alone. College can be a profoundly difficult time for many of us.

Resources are available for you:
 * UW 24/7 Help Line 1.866.775.0608
 * https://wellbeing.uw.edu/topic/mental-health/
 * https://www.crisistextline.org/

Other Student Support
Any student who has difficulty affording groceries or accessing sufficient food to eat every day, or who lacks a safe and stable place to live, and believes this may affect their performance in the course, is urged to contact the graduate program advisor for support. Furthermore, please notify the professors if you are comfortable in doing so. This will enable us to provide any resources that we may possess (adapted from Sara Goldrick-Rab). Please also note the student food pantry, Any Hungry Husky at the ECC.

Credit and Notes
This will be the eighth time this course has been taught at UW in its current form. This syllabuses draws heavily from these previous versions. Syllabuses from earlier classes can be found online at:


 * Online Communities (UW COM481 Winter 2023) by Kaylea Champion
 * Online Communities (UW COM481 Winter 2022) by Mako Hill
 * Interpersonal Media (Fall 2020) by Mako Hill
 * Interpersonal Media (Winter 2020) by Mako Hill
 * Interpersonal Media (Winter 2019) by Nate TeBlunthuis
 * Interpersonal Media (Fall 2015) by Mako Hill
 * Interpersonal Media (Fall 2014) by Mako Hill

This syllabus was inspired by, and borrowed heavily with permission from, other classes on online communities taught by young academics whose teaching I admire and respect:


 * Aaron Shaw at Northwestern University's Online Communities and Crowds
 * Joseph Reagle at Northeastern University's Online Communities